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Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

______ are generated by intrinsic oxidases in ER of cells and in PMNs, also by radiation

A

Free radicals

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2
Q

______ chemically damage proteins, DNA, RNA, and trigger lipid peroxidation in cell membranes

A

Free radicals

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3
Q

2O2- + 2H+ -> H2O2 + O2- (catalyzed by ______)

A

superoxide dismutase

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4
Q

2ŸOH + 2GSH -> 2H2O + GSSG (catalyzed by _______)

A

glutathione peroxidase

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5
Q

Acute or chronic inflammation? Dilation and increased flow, increased permeability resulting in transudate or exudate

A

Acute

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6
Q

Acute or chronic inflammation? Duration of days

A

Acute

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7
Q

Acute or chronic inflammation? Onset over the course of days

A

Chronic

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8
Q

Acute or chronic inflammation? Sentinel/local cells in the tissue

A

Chronic

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9
Q

Acute phase cell(s)

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

Cell adaptation: decrease in size and functional capacity of the cell

A

atrophy

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11
Q

Cell adaptation: increase in number of cells in a tissue

A

hyperplasia

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12
Q

Cell adaptation: increase in size of cell to enable increase in cell function

A

hypertrophy

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13
Q

Cell adaptation: replacement of one type of tissue with another in response to injury

A

metaplasia

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14
Q

Cell death by _____ tends to affect scattered, individual cells

A

apoptosis

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15
Q

Chemical species with an unpaired electron

A

Free radicals

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16
Q

Chronic phase cell(s)

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes, (eosinophils)

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17
Q

Eicosanoids are ________(pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in ________

A

on demand;WBCs, platelets, and endothelial cells

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18
Q

eNOS are ________(pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in ________

A

on demand; endothelial cells

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19
Q

Fe2+ + H2O2 -> Fe3+ + ŸOH + OH-

A

Fenton Reaction

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20
Q

Five cardinal signs of injury

A

redness, swelling, pain, heat, loss of function

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21
Q

Fragmentation of nuclei is also known as ______.

A

karyorrhexis

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22
Q

H2O2 -> O2 + 2H2O (catalyzed by ______)

A

Catalase

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23
Q

H2O2 + O2- -> ŸOH + OH- + O2

A

Haber-Weiss Reaction

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24
Q

Hagemen Factor activates _____ (3)

A

Thrombin/Coagulation pathway, plasmin, and Kallikrein pathway

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25
Q

Histamine is _________ (pre-formed/synthesized on demand)

A

pre-formed

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26
Q

Histamine is found in ________.

A

Platelets, mast cells, basophils

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27
Q

In ______, chromosomal DNA reflects nonspecific degradative smear of DNA fragments

A

necrosis

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28
Q

In hypoxia, _________ is proteolytically converted to xanthine _______, which produces oxygen radicals

A

xanthine dehydrogenase; oxidase

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29
Q

Inflammatory reaction characterized by accumulation of modified macrophages (epithelioid cells), giant cells, lymphocytes, and occasional plasma cells

A

Granulomatous infection

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30
Q

iNOS are ________(pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in ________

A

on demand; endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle

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31
Q

nNOS are ________(pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in ________

A

on demand; neural parenchyma

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32
Q

Nucleus shrinks and chromatin becomes deeply basophilic and clumpy

A

pyknosis

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33
Q

Outcomes of Acute Inflammation

A

Complete resolution, scarring, abscess, progression to chronic inflammation

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34
Q

PAF is _________ (pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in _______.

A

on demand; platelets, neutrophils, basophils, macrophages, mast cells, and endothelial cells

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35
Q

Pyknotic clumps are broken down and disappear in the process of _____.

A

karyolysis

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36
Q

Reversible or irreversible? Activation of lysosomal enzymes

A

Irreversible

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37
Q

Reversible or irreversible? Decrease in ATP

A

Reversible

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38
Q

Reversible or irreversible? Decrease in Na pump activity

A

Reversible

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39
Q

Reversible or irreversible? Decrease in protein synthesis

A

Reversible

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40
Q

Reversible or irreversible? Decrease in tissue pH

A

Reversible

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41
Q

Reversible or irreversible? DNA and protein degradation

A

Irreversible

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42
Q

Reversible or irreversible? Increase in glycolysis

A

Reversible

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43
Q

Reversible or irreversible? Increase in intracellular calcium concentration

A

Irreversible

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44
Q

ROS are ________(pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in ________

A

on demand; leukocytes and macrophages

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45
Q

Serotonin is _________ (pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in _______.

A

pre-formed; platelets

46
Q

TNF is ________(pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in ________

A

on demand; macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells

47
Q

Transudate or Exudate? Caused by increase in hydrostatic pressure or reduction in oncotic pressure

A

Transudate

48
Q

Transudate or Exudate? Caused by inflammation

49
Q

Transudate or Exudate? High Fluid/Serum glucose concentration

50
Q

Transudate or Exudate? High Fluid/Serum LDH concentration

51
Q

Transudate or Exudate? High specific gravity

52
Q

Transudate or Exudate? Low Fluid/Serum protein ratio

A

Transudate

53
Q

Transudate or Exudate? Low protein concentration

A

Transudate

54
Q

Transudate or Exudate? WBCs present

55
Q

Type of necrosis classically seen in adipose tissue typically following acute pancreatits or trauma

A

Fat necrosis

56
Q

Type of necrosis classically seen in the heart following a myocardial infarction

A

coagulative

57
Q

Type of necrosis seen only in tuberculosis, characterized by white, chalky lymph nodes

58
Q

Type of necrosis that is common in brain and spleen, and with acute infection

A

liquefactive

59
Q

Type of necrosis: dead cell dissolves away as lysosomal hydrolases digest cellular components

A

Liquefactive

60
Q

Type of necrosis: dead cell remains a ghost-like remnant of former self

A

coagulative

61
Q

Type of necrosis: fats are hydrolyzed into free fatty acids which precipitate with calcium to produce chalky gray material

A

Fat necrosis

62
Q

What appearance of inflammation? Dominated by neutrophils in an non-confined space

A

Fibrinopurulent Exudate

63
Q

What appearance of inflammation? Epithelioid cells and giant cells usually within parenchyma

64
Q

What appearance of inflammation? Newly formed cavity resulting from inflammatory cells within parenchyma/confined space

65
Q

What appearance of inflammation? Occurs in skin, characterized by neutrophils then mononuclear cells

A

Cellulitis

66
Q

What appearance of inflammation? Occurs within an anatomical space or cavity; characterized by neutrophils predominating early followed by macrophages and lymphocytes

67
Q

What are the four classes of chemokines?

A

C-X-C; C-C; C; CX3C

68
Q

What are the three types of cytokines?

A

interleukins, interferons, and chemokines

69
Q

What condition is characterized by hot, dry skin with cessation of sweating (usuall), lactic acidosis leading to rhabdomyolysis, necrosis of renal tubules (ATN), widespread intravascular coagulation (DIC), and multi-organ failure?

A

Exertional Heat Stroke

70
Q

What condition is characterized by the following actions: cytoplasm swells, mitochondria and ER dilate, and there is blebbing of the plasma membrane/loss of membrane integrity?

71
Q

What condition is characterized by the following descriptors: cytoplasm is shrunken, membrane blebbing, nuclear DNA appears compacted and dense?

72
Q

What condition is characterized by young, elderly, obese in hot humid weather, hot dry sking with respiratory alkalosis, hypotension, and coma?

A

Classic Heat Stroke

73
Q

Which chemical mediator is activated via the Kallikrein pathway?

A

Bradykinin

74
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with activation of inflammatory cells (macrophages, T cells), interference with viral replication, and tumor defense?

A

Interferons

75
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with attracting lymphocytes?

A

C Chemokines

76
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with attracting macrophages, basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes?

A

C-C Chemokines

77
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with endothelial activation and fibroblast stimulation locally?

78
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with fever, anorexia, sleepiness, and liver effects systemically?

79
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with increasing vascular permeability and activating C3 to C3a?

A

Plasmin (Fibrinolytic system)

80
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with microbe damage, host tissue collateral damage, inactivation of antiproteases?

81
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with neurotransmitter release and blood flow regulation?

82
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with neutrophil chemotaxis and activation?

A

C-X-C Chemokines

83
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with Pain signaling, vascular tone modulation, and vascular permeability modulation?

A

Substance P

84
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, and mucous secretion followed by chemotaxis of WBCs?

A

Histamine/Serotonin

85
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with stopping bleeding vasoconstriction, chemotaxis/leukocyte activation, platelet acitvation, and bronchospasm?

86
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with vasodilation and reduced leukocyte/platelet adhesion?

87
Q

Which chemical mediator is associated with vasodilation, chemotaxis, and toxicity to microbes and neoplastic tissue?

88
Q

Which chemical mediator is associatied with vasodilation, increasing vascular permeability, bronchial contraction, and pain?

A

Bradykinin

89
Q

Which chemical mediator is asssociated with attracting macrophages and T lymphocytes?

A

CX3C Chemokines

90
Q

Which chemical mediator is derived from a membrane phospholipid modified by LPCAT?

A

Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)

91
Q

Which chemical mediator is derived from arichidonic acid?

A

Eicosanoids

92
Q

Which chemical mediator is inactivated by superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, cerluplasmin, and transferrin?

93
Q

Which chemical mediator is preformed and associated with digestion of microbes/foreign material and chemotaxis?

A

Stored Mediator Content

94
Q

Which chemical mediator is primarily synthesized on demand from macrophages and has similar function to TNF?

A

Interleukins

95
Q

Which chemical mediator is released by nerve twigs

A

Substance P

96
Q

Which chemical mediator is released in response to damage to endothelial cells and cytokines in response to tissue damage?

97
Q

Which chemical mediator is released in response to in response to Antigen-IgE interaction, Tissue Injury, C5a-C3a interaction (anaphylatoxins), IL-1, IL-8?

98
Q

Which chemical mediator is released when there is platelet aggregation in response to collagen, thrombin, PAF, TXA2, etc.?

99
Q

Which chemical mediator is secreted in response to bacterial endotoxin, immune complex, tissue injury, and other stimuli/mediators?

100
Q

Which chemical mediator(s) is/are most responsible for systemic responses?

A

TNF and IL-1

101
Q

Which eicosanoid chemical mediator is associated with increasing vascular permeability and chemotaxis?

A

Leukotrienes

102
Q

Which eicosanoid chemical mediator is associated with vasoconstriction and promotion of platelet aggregation

A

Thromboxanes

103
Q

Which eicosanoid chemical mediator is associated with vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and uterine contraction?

A

Prostaglandins

104
Q

Which liver-derived chemical mediator promotes formation of prostaglandins, cytokines, platelet activating factor, and nitric oxide?

A

Thrombin (Coagulation system)

105
Q

Which NOS chemical mediator(s) is/are synthesized constitutively?

A

nNOS, eNOS

106
Q

Which NOS chemical mediator(s) is/are synthesized in response to IL-1, TNF, interferon, and bacterial endotoxin?

107
Q

Which type of inflammation is characterized by “pus”?

A

Fibrinopurulent

108
Q

Which type of inflammation is characterized by the following histologic features: abundant eosinophils?

A

Eosinophilic

109
Q

Which type of inflammation is characterized by the following histologic features: mixed chronic inflammatory cells, necrotic centrally, or a foreign body present?

A

Granulomatous

110
Q

Which type of inflammation is characterized by the following histologic features: PMNs, fibrin/blood products, and hemorrhage?

A

Fibrinopurulent

111
Q

Which type of inflammation is characterized by walling off material or attempted digestion of non-digestible material?

A

Granulomatous

Disease and Defense (16 decks)

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