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Disease and Defense > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

_______ have a bacteriostatic action, but are bactericidal in nature

A

Aminoglycosides

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2
Q

Antimicrobial: Favorable distribution into bone

A

Clindamycin

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3
Q

Antimicrobial: Favorable distribution into CSF

A

Ceftriaxone, Chloramphenicol, Metronidazole

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4
Q

Antimicrobial: Favorable distribution into gingival fluid

A

Tetracyclines

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5
Q

Antimicrobial: Favorable distribution into lungs

A

Macrolides

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6
Q

Antimicrobial: Favorable distribution into sebum

A

Tetracyclines

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7
Q

Antimicrobial: Favorable distribution into urine/kidneys

A

Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones, Nitrofurantoin

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8
Q

Antimicrobial: Unfavorable distribution into a fetus

A

Aminoglycosides, Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines, Fluoroquinolones, Metronidazole

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9
Q

Antimicrobial: Unfavorable distribution into bone

A

Tetracyclines

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10
Q

Antimicrobial: Unfavorable distribution into breast milk

A

Macrolides, Clindamycin

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11
Q

Antimicrobial: Unfavorable distribution into kidneys

A

Aminoglycosides

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12
Q

Antimicrobial: Unfavorable distribution into teeth

A

Tetracyclines

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13
Q

Bind and decrease absorption of cations, especially calcium

A

Fluoroquinolones, Tetracyclines

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14
Q

Examples of Fluoroquinolones (3)

A

Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin

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15
Q

In bactericidal mechanisms MIC __ MBC

A

=

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16
Q

In bacteriostatic mechanisms MIC __ MBC

A

«

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17
Q

Indications for bactericidal therapy (3)

A

Meningitis, Endocarditis, Suppressed/Deficient Immune System

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18
Q

Inhibitors of P450

A

Fluoroquinolones, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin

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19
Q

IV only antimicrobials (5)

A

Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Vancomycin, Ceftriaxone, Carbapenems, Aminoglycosides

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20
Q

Lowest concentration of antibiotic that kills 99.9% of the original inoculum

A

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)

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21
Q

Lowest concentration of antibiotic that prevents visible bacterial growth

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

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22
Q

Mechanism of Action: Beta-lactamase inhibitor

A

Clavulanate, Tazobactam

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23
Q

Mechanism of Action: Decrease DNA function

A

Fluoroquinolones, Nitrofurantoin, Metronidazole

24
Q

Mechanism of Action: Decrease protein synthesis

A

Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides

25
Q

Mechanism of Action: Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis- Stage 2

A

Vancomycin

26
Q

Mechanism of Action: Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis- Stage 3 (Anti-pseudomonal)

A

Piperacillin/Tazobactam

27
Q

Mechanism of Action: Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis- Stage 3 (Extended Spectrum)

A

Amoxicillin +/- Clavulanate, Ampicillin

28
Q

Mechanism of Action: Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis- Stage 3 (penicillinase-resistant)

A

Dicloxacillin

29
Q

Mechanism of Action: Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis- Stage 3 (prototype, acid-stable)

A

Penicillin G, Penicillin V

30
Q

Only obtain fluid cultures from drains or catheters if _____.

A

they are newly placed

31
Q

Protected Locations/Infections that complicate antibiotic treatment (6)

A

Meningitis, Bone, Endocarditis, Intracellular, Abscesses, Foreign bodies

32
Q

Side Effects: Antabuse-like effect: abdominal distress, headache, and vomiting with consumption of alcohol due to inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase

A

Metronidazole

33
Q

Side Effects: can intensify oral anticoagulants (Ex. warfarin)

A

Cephalosporins

34
Q

Side Effects: Drug-drug interactions with antacids and iron supplemens

A

Tetracyclines

35
Q

Side Effects: encephalopathy or convulsions at high dose

A

Penicillin

36
Q

Side Effects: increased risk of tendon rupture and arthropathies

A

Fluoroquinolones

37
Q

Side Effects: ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and infusion-related symptoms

A

Vancomycin

38
Q

Side Effects: pseudomembranous colitis

A

Clindamycin

39
Q

Side Effects: QT interval prolongation

A

Macrolides, Fluoroquinolones (rare)

40
Q

Side Effects: supferinfection

A

Extended spectrum penicllins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, Nitrofurantoin (candida), tetracyclines (fungal)

41
Q

Side Effects: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Damage (irreversible) and nephrotoxicity

A

Aminoglycosides

42
Q

Side Effects:drug-drug interactions: inhibits metabolism of theophylline (earlier generations), antacids reduce oral absorption

A

Fluoroquinolones

43
Q

Spectrum: can be treated only with ceftriaxone of the cephalosporins

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

44
Q

Spectrum: Can be used to treat Bacteroides fragilis

A

Amoxicillin +/- Clavulanate, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Carbapenems, Clindamycin, Nitrofurantoin

45
Q

Spectrum: Can be used to treat Chlamydia and Mycoplasma

A

Macrolides, Tetracyclines, and Fluoroquinolones

46
Q

Spectrum: can be used to treat Klebsiella with KPC or NDM-1

A

Fluoroquinolones and Aminoglycosides

47
Q

Spectrum: can be used to treat Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

A

Ceftriaxone, Macrolides, Tetracyclines

48
Q

Spectrum: Can be used to treat Pseudomonas

A

Piperacillin/Tazobactam, 4th/5th Cephalosporins, Carbapenems (exc. Ertapenem), Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones (Cipro, Levo)

49
Q

Spectrum: Can treat Clostridium difficile

A

Metronidazole and Vancomycin (oral only)

50
Q

Spectrum: Can treat E coli, except for when E coli has TEM-1, ESBL, or SHV-1

A

Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

51
Q

Spectrum: Effective for E coli and E coli with TEM-1, but not for E coli with ESBL

A

Cephalosporins

52
Q

Spectrum: Good coverage of gram-negative, poor coverage of gram-positive

A

Aminoglycosides

53
Q

Spectrum: only effective for anaerobes (Clostridium and Bacteroides)

A

Metronidazole

54
Q

Spectrum: only used for isolates recovered from urine

A

Nitrofurantoin

55
Q

When to obtain specimens and from where

A

Before start of therapy; tissues or fluids, especially deeper specimens

56
Q

When to use empiric antibiotic treatment.

A

Life threatening conditions; outpatient setting

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