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BIO 442 > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are two of the phosphates on ATP designated with a “squiggle P”?

A

high energy bonds

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2
Q

Define oxidation and reduction

A

oxidation is the loss of an electron
reduction is gain of an electron

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3
Q

What is the net ATP from glycolysis?

A

2

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4
Q

What occurs at the active site of the enzyme?

A

Substrates attach

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5
Q

What is meant by “reducing power”? List some molecules that act as reducing power.

A

Reducing power is the ability of a chemical species to make another chemical substance undergo reduction.
NAD+-> NADH and FAD->FADH2

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6
Q

What effect do enzymes have on activation energy?

A

lower the activation energy

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7
Q

In glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are utilized?

A

2

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8
Q

Define exergonic

A

energy releasing

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9
Q

What is meant by carbohydrate catabolism?

A

the breakdown of sugars to produce ATP or other carbon-containing macromelecules

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10
Q

Define chemiosmosis

A

Chemiosmosis is the process of diffusion of ions (usually H+ ions, also known as protons) across a selectively permeable membrane. Chemiosmosis leads to a concentration gradient of the diffusing ion across the membrane. A concentration gradient is a form of potential energy that can do work.

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11
Q

Why is the Kreb’s cycle a cycle?

A

goes in a circle of 8 reactions twice

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12
Q

How many NADH and FADH2 is created in the Kreb’s cycle per glucose?

A

6 NADH and 2 FADH2

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13
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur

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14
Q

How much ATP is generated per glucose molecule in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

2 ATP per glucose

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15
Q

What are the two differences between chemiosmosis in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes? (hint: where it occurs and the number of ATP generated)

A

In prokaryotes it takes place on the plasma membrane, in eukaryotes it takes place in the mitochondria membrane
Eukaryotes produce 36 ATP, Prokaryotes produce 38

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16
Q

How much NADH is generated in glycolysis?

A

2

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17
Q

Briefly describe how enzymes are named. [i.e. what are two common suffixes (endings) that are used?]

A

named for the reaction they catalyze, end in -ase or -sin

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18
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor in fermentation?

A

organic molecule like pyruvate

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19
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

A

inorganic molecule like carbonate or sulfate

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20
Q

Final electron acceptor in fermentation vs aerobic respiration

A

fermentation- pyruvate
aerobic- oxygen

21
Q

What are the main three steps of aerobic respiration and in what order do they occur?

A

glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and electron transport chain

22
Q

Define metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions of a living organism

23
Q

What is the number of ATP generated for each NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH= 3 ATP
FADH2= 2 ATP

24
Q

Compare photosynthesis to aerobic respiration

A

Photosynthesis uses the sun’s energy. Can fix its own carbon.

25
Q

Define catabolism

A

breaking down complex molecules to produce energy. Exergonic

26
Q

In the electron transport chain, what happens to the reducing power generated in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

A

the electrons are passed from electron carrier to electron carrier which moves protons out of the cell

27
Q

What step happens prior to the Kreb’s cycle? What 2 things happen?

A

transition step, pyruvate is converted to CoA and NAD+ is reduced to NADH (2 per glucose)

28
Q

In glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are generated per glucose molecule?

A

4, 2 used, 2 net

29
Q

Give some examples of coenzymes (a special type of cofactor)

A

FAD= flavin adenine dinucleotide
FMN=flavin mononeucleotide
CoA= coenzyme A
Other vitamins

30
Q

Define reactants/substrates

A

starting components
substrates are the reactants for enzymes

31
Q

define anabolism

A

smaller subunits combine to create macromolecules. Endergonic

32
Q

Define endergonic

A

energy absorbing/requiring energy

33
Q

define electrochemical gradient

A

a difference in charge and chemical concentration

34
Q

What are the three types of carriers found in the electron transport chain?

A

flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones (coenzyme Q)

35
Q

Briefly describe how enzymes function.

A

substrates attach to the enzyme at the active site and are transformed into a new product

36
Q

Number of ATP produced in fermentation vs aerobic respiration

A

fermentation- 2
aerobic- 36-38

37
Q

O2 requirements in fermentation vs aerobic respiration

A

fermentation- does not need O2 but O2 can be present
aerobic- needs O2

38
Q

Briefly describe how feedback inhibition works.

A

process in which the end product of a reaction inhibits or controls the action of the enzyme that helped produce it. prevents unneccesary product from being made

39
Q

What gas is being produced in the catalase test?

A

O2

40
Q

Describe four properties of enzymes.

A

biological catalyses
speed up the rate of reaction by lowering activation energy
reusable
are not permanently changed by reaction
made of protein (ribosomes are made of RNA)
specific for a specific substrates
need an optimal pH and temp to work best

41
Q

Define substrate and turnover number.

A

a way of expressing the number of substrate molecules converted into products in one second

42
Q

How and why do the following affect enzyme function?

a. temperature
b. pH
c. substrate concentration
d. inhibitors (competitive and allosteric)

A

temp: can affect the shape of the enzyme
pH: can affect the shape of the enzyme
substrate concentration: enzyme activity increases with concentration until it hits a plateau
competitive inhibitors: compete with the substrate to fill the active site on the enzyme
allosteric inhibitors: change the shape of the active site

43
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

oxygen

44
Q

Describe the different parts of an enzyme.

A

holozyme- whole enzyme
apoenzyme- protein part of the enzyme
cofactor- ion or organic molecule that is required to make the enzyme functional
active site- binding site for substrate
allosteric site- site that allows molecules to either activate or inhibit enzyme activity

45
Q

What are two ways to speed up a chemical reaction?

A

increase heat and lower activation energy

46
Q

In glycolysis what is glucose converted to?

A

two molecules of pyruvate

47
Q

define proton motor force

A

the movement of H+ to the outside of the membrane that creates an electrochemical gradient

48
Q

What molecule is regenerated in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

oxaloacetic acid (OAA)

BIO 442 (26 decks)

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