Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Flashcards

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1
Q

describe polyhedral morphology

A

D20 dice

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2
Q

Describe nucleic acid for viruses

A

DNA or RNA

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3
Q

What is the name for viruses that infect bacteria?

A

bacteriophage

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4
Q

Distinguish between a segmented genome and a genome that has only a single nucleic acid molecule.

A

single strand in line or in circle
segmented in separate pieces in their own capsule, allows for a lot of mutation

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5
Q

define envelope

A

A covering of lipids, carbs, and protiens. Sometimes comes from the host cell’s cell membrane

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6
Q

What are latent infections?

A

viruses that lie dormant in the body. Can become integrated in host chromosome as a “provirus” (HIV)
non integrated-chickenpox and herpes

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7
Q

Name the viruses given in class that are associated with human cancers.

A

HPV, hep B, Epstein Barr, Human Herpes Virus 8

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8
Q

What determines that host range for a virus?

A

receptors on the host cells that the virus can interact with

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9
Q

Define prion.

A

infectious proteins

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10
Q

Describe the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage lambda.

A

bacteriophage injects DNA in bacteria, DNA is integrated into bacteria and proliferates. Can move to lytic cycle due to UV light or stress. Prophage is the name for integrated DNA

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11
Q

What is another name for viral particles?

A

virions

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12
Q

describe enveloped morphology

A

has an envelope

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13
Q

Describe the following methods used to cultivate animal viruses.
a. embryonated eggs
b. tissue culture
c. plaque assay (what is a plaque?)

A

A. injected into the membrane of the eggs to use the cells present
B. tissue broken down into cells into a single layer and virus is added
C. plaques show where viruses have destroyed the cells. Corresponds to single virion in mixture.

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14
Q

What special enzyme do retroviruses carry with them and what does it do?

A

reverse transcriptase, convert their RNA to DNA

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15
Q

Define viroid.

A

made of RNA in a free solution

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16
Q

define capsid

A

protein coat that covers the nucleic acids

17
Q

Describe how animal viruses are classified.

A

genome structure
morphology
envelope or no
body system they affect
taxonomy

18
Q

define nucleocapsid

A

combo of the genetic material and the capsid, sometimes intertwined

19
Q

describe complex morphology

A

classic virus with tail fibers and base plate

20
Q

Distinguish between benign and malignant tumors.

A

benign- abnormal growith in a localized region
malignant- abnormal growth that damages tissues and has the potential to metatisize.

21
Q

What diseases are caused by prions?

A

mad cow disease, scrapies, variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk

22
Q

Name some characteristics that viruses, prions, and viroids share. How are they different?

A

acellular
RNA or DNA
obligate intracellular parasites
lots of reasons different

23
Q

describe helical morphology

A

nucleic acid encapsulated by capsid that resembles a compressed helix, long rod shape.

24
Q

How does the multiplication of animal viruses differ from the multiplication of bacteriophages? How is it the same?

A

Entry can be DNA insertion (naked viruses only), membrane fusion (envelope virus), endocytosis.

Uncoating of virus protein capsule if entire virus enters the cell

transcription can vary based on RNA or DNA, reverse transcriptase

Assembly is less complex

animal viruses do not lyse cells, they take over the cell metabolism and cell components die.

25
Q

What type of organisms are infected by viroids agents?

A

plants

26
Q

Describe penetration in the lytic cycle for T-even bacteriophages

A

phage injects its nucleic acids into the bacteria

27
Q

describe maturation/assembly in the lytic cycle for T-even bacteriophages

A

creation of mature viruses inside cell

28
Q

Describe attachement in the lytic cycle for T-even bacteriophages

A

Only happens in host range organisms and connect via H bonds with tail fibers

29
Q

What is unique about the cultivation of bacteriophage?

A

it’s easier than animal virues.

30
Q

What causes hemagglutination?

A

spike proteins

31
Q

How are prions infectious?

A

bind to healthy proteins and convert it to an infectious version

32
Q

define spikes

A

projections from the envelope that may or may not be present. used for attachment to the host

33
Q

List five ways in which viruses are different that other infectious agents.

A

acellular
have DNA or RNA
obligate intracellular parasites
have host range
have protein coating over nucleic acids

34
Q

Do segmented viruses have a single nucleic acid molecule?

A

no they have multiple

35
Q

describe biosynthesis in the lytic cycle for T-even bacteriophages

A

viral nucleic acid is replicated and produces proteins needed for virus creation

36
Q

describe release in the lytic cycle for T-even bacteriophages

A

viruses burst from cells because of sheer number or secretion of lysozyme