Brief History of Microbiology Flashcards
Which types of organisms are included in the study of microbiology?
bacteria, protozoa, microscopic algae, parasitic worms and their eggs, viruses, and prions
Why is microbe better to use than microorganism?
Microbe describes something that is an organism or acellular (virus)
What does pathogenic mean?
It makes people sick
Why might a microbe be opportunistically pathogenic?
An opportunist can only cause disease in a person with a compromised immune system
Who is credited with disproving spontaneous generation?
Pasteur
What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic:
No true nucleus (nucleoid)
No membrane bound organelles
70s ribosomes
smaller on average
circular DNA
Eukaroytic:
nucleus
membrane bound organelles
80s ribosomes
bigger on average
linear DNA
What is biogenesis?
life comes from life
What is abiogenesis?
life comes from nonliving matter
Which type of fungi are single-celled organisms?
yeast
What is the name of the study of fungi?
mycology
What are the three structures that make it possible for protozoa to move?
cillia. pseudopods, and flagellum
What special biological process are algae capable of?
photosynthesis
What cell type are bacteria? Eu or Pro?
Prokaryotic
Are fungi Eu or Pro?
eukaryotic
Which type of protozoa lacks a motility structure? Give an example
apicomplexans, Coccidia
What are the three characteristics of algae?
unicellular or multicellular
photosynthetic
cell wall made of cellulose
How are viruses different than other infectious agents?
cannot survive outside a host cell, do not have their own cell
What are the three main types of parasitic worms?
flukes, tapeworms, roundworms
What is motility?
the able to move
What type of structure provides motility for bacteria?
flagella
Describe Redi’s experiments
Redi placed meat in jars that were closed, open, and covered by gauze. Maggots only showed up in the open ones.
Why was Needham unable to disprove spontaneous generation with his experiments?
Needham had not boiled his solutions long
enough to destroy all life forms.
Who was one of the first scientists to organize organisms in groups?
Linnaeus
Describe Pasteur’s experiments to disprove spontaneous generation
Pasteur used swan-necked flasks with boiled media. The broth stayed clear because the crook in the flask prevents microbes from entering and contaminating the broth
What are the four steps of the scientific method?
observation, hypothesis, experimentation, judgement of hypothesis
What are control groups?
groups of subjects in a experiments that do not undergo the experiment part and remain neutral
Define fermentation
sugars are converted to ethyl alcohol by microbes (yeast)
What is a facultative anaerobe?
an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.
How were enzymes discovered?
buchner showed that the enzymes in the yeast were causing the fermentation not the whole cells.
What is etiology?
study of the cause of disease
What is germ theory?
microbes cause disease
Describe the experiments that were performed in an attempt to prove germ theory
koch isolated microbes in a diseased animal and injected them into a healthy animal to see if it would make the animal sick
Which scientist had a significant impact on etiology with his postulates?
Koch
Who do we credit with proving germ theory?
Koch and Pasteur
Describe Fleming’s discovery of penicillin
mold contaminated a test plate of staph and the staph did not grow around the mold. Postulated that the mold was secreting something that killed or repelled the basteria
Describe epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined population.
What is Semmelweis famous for?
washing hands to remove cadaver particles to improve sterility during childbirth
What is Lister famous for?
used phenols to disinfect surgical tools and body surfaces to reduce wound infections
What is Nightingale famous for?
istructing nurses on hygiene practices
What is Snow famous for?
creating epidemiology
studying the relationship between pure H20 and disease (cholera)
What is Jenner famous for?
first vaccine, used cowpox to inoculate against small pox
What is Ehrlich famous for?
Used arsenic to treat syphilis
What is Fleming famous for?
discovered penicillin
What is Hooke famous for?
views cork cells with a microscope
What is van Leeuwenhoek famous for?
first to view microorganisms under a microscope
What is Redi famous for?
attempting to disprove spontaneous generation theory with experiments surrounding meat and maggot growth
What is Linnaeus famous for?
creating a system to classify organisms
