Brief History of Microbiology

Question 1

Which types of organisms are included in the study of microbiology?

Answer 1

bacteria, protozoa, microscopic algae, parasitic worms and their eggs, viruses, and prions

Question 2

Why is microbe better to use than microorganism?

Answer 2

Microbe describes something that is an organism or acellular (virus)

Question 3

What does pathogenic mean?

Answer 3

It makes people sick

Question 4

Why might a microbe be opportunistically pathogenic?

Answer 4

An opportunist can only cause disease in a person with a compromised immune system

Question 5

Who is credited with disproving spontaneous generation?

Answer 5

Pasteur

Question 6

What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 6

Prokaryotic:
No true nucleus (nucleoid)
No membrane bound organelles
70s ribosomes
smaller on average
circular DNA

Eukaroytic:
nucleus
membrane bound organelles
80s ribosomes
bigger on average
linear DNA

Question 7

What is biogenesis?

Answer 7

life comes from life

Question 8

What is abiogenesis?

Answer 8

life comes from nonliving matter

Question 9

Which type of fungi are single-celled organisms?

Answer 9

yeast

Question 10

What is the name of the study of fungi?

Answer 10

mycology

Question 11

What are the three structures that make it possible for protozoa to move?

Answer 11

cillia. pseudopods, and flagellum

Question 12

What special biological process are algae capable of?

Answer 12

photosynthesis

Question 13

What cell type are bacteria? Eu or Pro?

Answer 13

Prokaryotic

Question 14

Are fungi Eu or Pro?

Answer 14

eukaryotic

Question 15

Which type of protozoa lacks a motility structure? Give an example

Answer 15

apicomplexans, Coccidia

Question 16

What are the three characteristics of algae?

Answer 16

unicellular or multicellular
photosynthetic
cell wall made of cellulose

Question 17

How are viruses different than other infectious agents?

Answer 17

cannot survive outside a host cell, do not have their own cell

Question 18

What are the three main types of parasitic worms?

Answer 18

flukes, tapeworms, roundworms

Question 19

What is motility?

Answer 19

the able to move

Question 20

What type of structure provides motility for bacteria?

Answer 20

flagella

Question 21

Describe Redi’s experiments

Answer 21

Redi placed meat in jars that were closed, open, and covered by gauze. Maggots only showed up in the open ones.

Question 22

Why was Needham unable to disprove spontaneous generation with his experiments?

Answer 22

Needham had not boiled his solutions long
enough to destroy all life forms.

Question 23

Who was one of the first scientists to organize organisms in groups?

Answer 23

Linnaeus

Question 24

Describe Pasteur’s experiments to disprove spontaneous generation

Answer 24

Pasteur used swan-necked flasks with boiled media. The broth stayed clear because the crook in the flask prevents microbes from entering and contaminating the broth

Question 25

What are the four steps of the scientific method?

Answer 25

observation, hypothesis, experimentation, judgement of hypothesis

Question 26

What are control groups?

Answer 26

groups of subjects in a experiments that do not undergo the experiment part and remain neutral

Question 27

Define fermentation

Answer 27

sugars are converted to ethyl alcohol by microbes (yeast)

Question 28

What is a facultative anaerobe?

Answer 28

an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.

Question 29

How were enzymes discovered?

Answer 29

buchner showed that the enzymes in the yeast were causing the fermentation not the whole cells.

Question 30

What is etiology?

Answer 30

study of the cause of disease

Question 31

What is germ theory?

Answer 31

microbes cause disease

Question 32

Describe the experiments that were performed in an attempt to prove germ theory

Answer 32

koch isolated microbes in a diseased animal and injected them into a healthy animal to see if it would make the animal sick

Question 33

Which scientist had a significant impact on etiology with his postulates?

Answer 33

Koch

Question 34

Who do we credit with proving germ theory?

Answer 34

Koch and Pasteur

Question 35

Describe Fleming’s discovery of penicillin

Answer 35

mold contaminated a test plate of staph and the staph did not grow around the mold. Postulated that the mold was secreting something that killed or repelled the basteria

Question 36

Describe epidemiology

Answer 36

Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined population.

Question 37

What is Semmelweis famous for?

Answer 37

washing hands to remove cadaver particles to improve sterility during childbirth

Question 38

What is Lister famous for?

Answer 38

used phenols to disinfect surgical tools and body surfaces to reduce wound infections

Question 39

What is Nightingale famous for?

Answer 39

istructing nurses on hygiene practices

Question 40

What is Snow famous for?

Answer 40

creating epidemiology
studying the relationship between pure H20 and disease (cholera)

Question 41

What is Jenner famous for?

Answer 41

first vaccine, used cowpox to inoculate against small pox

Question 42

What is Ehrlich famous for?

Answer 42

Used arsenic to treat syphilis

Question 43

What is Fleming famous for?

Answer 43

discovered penicillin

Question 44

What is Hooke famous for?

Answer 44

views cork cells with a microscope

Question 45

What is van Leeuwenhoek famous for?

Answer 45

first to view microorganisms under a microscope

Question 46

What is Redi famous for?

Answer 46

attempting to disprove spontaneous generation theory with experiments surrounding meat and maggot growth

Question 47

What is Linnaeus famous for?

Answer 47

creating a system to classify organisms