Brief History of Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which types of organisms are included in the study of microbiology?

A

bacteria, protozoa, microscopic algae, parasitic worms and their eggs, viruses, and prions

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2
Q

Why is microbe better to use than microorganism?

A

Microbe describes something that is an organism or acellular (virus)

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3
Q

What does pathogenic mean?

A

It makes people sick

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4
Q

Why might a microbe be opportunistically pathogenic?

A

An opportunist can only cause disease in a person with a compromised immune system

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5
Q

Who is credited with disproving spontaneous generation?

A

Pasteur

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6
Q

What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic:
No true nucleus (nucleoid)
No membrane bound organelles
70s ribosomes
smaller on average
circular DNA

Eukaroytic:
nucleus
membrane bound organelles
80s ribosomes
bigger on average
linear DNA

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7
Q

What is biogenesis?

A

life comes from life

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8
Q

What is abiogenesis?

A

life comes from nonliving matter

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9
Q

Which type of fungi are single-celled organisms?

A

yeast

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10
Q

What is the name of the study of fungi?

A

mycology

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11
Q

What are the three structures that make it possible for protozoa to move?

A

cillia. pseudopods, and flagellum

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12
Q

What special biological process are algae capable of?

A

photosynthesis

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13
Q

What cell type are bacteria? Eu or Pro?

A

Prokaryotic

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14
Q

Are fungi Eu or Pro?

A

eukaryotic

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15
Q

Which type of protozoa lacks a motility structure? Give an example

A

apicomplexans, Coccidia

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16
Q

What are the three characteristics of algae?

A

unicellular or multicellular
photosynthetic
cell wall made of cellulose

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17
Q

How are viruses different than other infectious agents?

A

cannot survive outside a host cell, do not have their own cell

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18
Q

What are the three main types of parasitic worms?

A

flukes, tapeworms, roundworms

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19
Q

What is motility?

A

the able to move

20
Q

What type of structure provides motility for bacteria?

21
Q

Describe Redi’s experiments

A

Redi placed meat in jars that were closed, open, and covered by gauze. Maggots only showed up in the open ones.

22
Q

Why was Needham unable to disprove spontaneous generation with his experiments?

A

Needham had not boiled his solutions long
enough to destroy all life forms.

23
Q

Who was one of the first scientists to organize organisms in groups?

24
Q

Describe Pasteur’s experiments to disprove spontaneous generation

A

Pasteur used swan-necked flasks with boiled media. The broth stayed clear because the crook in the flask prevents microbes from entering and contaminating the broth

25
What are the four steps of the scientific method?
observation, hypothesis, experimentation, judgement of hypothesis
26
What are control groups?
groups of subjects in a experiments that do not undergo the experiment part and remain neutral
27
Define fermentation
sugars are converted to ethyl alcohol by microbes (yeast)
28
What is a facultative anaerobe?
an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.
29
How were enzymes discovered?
buchner showed that the enzymes in the yeast were causing the fermentation not the whole cells.
30
What is etiology?
study of the cause of disease
31
What is germ theory?
microbes cause disease
32
Describe the experiments that were performed in an attempt to prove germ theory
koch isolated microbes in a diseased animal and injected them into a healthy animal to see if it would make the animal sick
33
Which scientist had a significant impact on etiology with his postulates?
Koch
34
Who do we credit with proving germ theory?
Koch and Pasteur
35
Describe Fleming's discovery of penicillin
mold contaminated a test plate of staph and the staph did not grow around the mold. Postulated that the mold was secreting something that killed or repelled the basteria
36
Describe epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined population.
37
What is Semmelweis famous for?
washing hands to remove cadaver particles to improve sterility during childbirth
38
What is Lister famous for?
used phenols to disinfect surgical tools and body surfaces to reduce wound infections
39
What is Nightingale famous for?
istructing nurses on hygiene practices
40
What is Snow famous for?
creating epidemiology studying the relationship between pure H20 and disease (cholera)
41
What is Jenner famous for?
first vaccine, used cowpox to inoculate against small pox
42
What is Ehrlich famous for?
Used arsenic to treat syphilis
43
What is Fleming famous for?
discovered penicillin
44
What is Hooke famous for?
views cork cells with a microscope
45
What is van Leeuwenhoek famous for?
first to view microorganisms under a microscope
46
What is Redi famous for?
attempting to disprove spontaneous generation theory with experiments surrounding meat and maggot growth
47
What is Linnaeus famous for?
creating a system to classify organisms