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BIO 442 > Infection, Infectious Disease, and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Infection, Infectious Disease, and Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define pathology

A

Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury.

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2
Q

Define etiology

A

study of the cause of disease

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3
Q

Define infection

A

an invasion of the body by an infectious microorganism or virus

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4
Q

Define disease

A

a condition where health is affected

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5
Q

Define normal microbiota

A

Acquired from our environment, colonize the skin and large intestine.

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6
Q

define microbial antagonism

A

good bacteria outcompete bad bacteria

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7
Q

define mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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8
Q

define commensalism

A

one organism benefits and the other is neutral

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9
Q

define parasitism

A

one organism benefits and other is harmed

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10
Q

How does an infection become oppurtunistic?

A

normal microbiota that moves to a new area and becomes pathogenic or on an immunocompromised host

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11
Q

Examples of portal of entry

A

mucous membranes, parenteral (nonintact skin, puncture), inhalation or ingestion, through skin (hair follicle, sweat gland), and placenta (congenital).

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12
Q

define signs vs symptoms

A

symptoms: subjective changes felt by a patient (headache, pain, dizziness)
signs: objective changes that acn be observed or measured (temp, BP, labs)

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13
Q

define epidimieology

A

study of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted

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14
Q

define endemic

A

always present

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15
Q

define epidemic

A

large # of people affected in a short period of time in one area

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16
Q

define pandemic

A

epidemic occurring on one or more continents

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17
Q

define mortality

A

number of individuals killed by a disease

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18
Q

define morbidity

A

Number of individuals affected by a disease

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19
Q

define incubation period

A

time between the entrance of the infectious agent and the onset of illness

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20
Q

define latent period

A

period of time when an infectious agent is not causing signs and symptoms but can show up later

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21
Q

list the exceptions of koch’s postulates

A

-can’t always grow in pure culture
-the same agent can cause different diseases
-some people are immune/carriers and won’t get the disease
-not always possible to inoculate the same animal
-different strains with different virulence factors are possible

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22
Q

describe virulence

A

how pathogenic an infectious agent is, how transmissible or how easily it causes disease

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23
Q

Describe the relationship between adhesins/ligands and receptors on the surface of the host cell.

A

adhesions/ligands bind to receptors on the surface of the cell and help the pathogen stick to the cell. Receptors and ligands must match.

24
Q

What is the target of leukocidins?

A

break down WBC

25
Q

What is the target of hemolysins?

A

break down RBC

26
Q

What is the target of coagulases?

A

convert fibrinogen to fibrin, and cause blood clots

27
Q

What is the target of kinases?

A

anticlotting

28
Q

What is the target of hyaluronidase?

A

breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue

29
Q

What is the target of collagenese?

A

breaks down collagen in connective tissue

30
Q

How do invasions affect the host cell?

A

rearrange the cytoskeleton of the host cell and converts it into a shield for itself

31
Q

Examples of exotoxin infections

A

gangrene, tetanus, botulism, diptheria, scarlet fever

32
Q

Examples of endotoxin infections

A

typhoid fever, UTI, and mengi meningitis

33
Q

Which produces a fever, exo or endo toxins?

A

endo

34
Q

Which is more toxic, exo or endo toxin?

A

exo

35
Q

Describe some antiphagocytic factors that exist

A

-capsule
-M protein (strep pyrogenes)
- invasins

36
Q

prodromal period

A

not all diseases have this, illness has not started yet but host does not feel normal, mild symptoms

37
Q

illness

A

full blow signs and symptoms

38
Q

decline

A

severity of symptoms lessen

39
Q

convalescence

A

patient recovering

40
Q

acute vs chronic disease

A

acute: symptoms come on fast and last a short time
chronic: symptoms are slow to develop and last longer

41
Q

reservoir of infection and examples

A

a living or non-living habitat that can harbor an infectious agent until a new host is encountered
human reservoirs-
host with signs and symptoms
healthy chronic carrier
asymptomatic carrier (incubation/latent)
non human reservoirs-
animals, soil, water

42
Q

Types of contact transmission
direct, indirect, and droplet

A

direct: person to person, skin to skin
indirect: transmission via fomite
droplet: aerosol produced by coughing, and sneezing, travels less than 1 m.

43
Q

Describe vehicle transmission via food, water and air.

A

Something containing infectious agent that is ingested or inhaled
water
food
air

44
Q

Describe vector transmission, distinguish between mechanical and biological vectors.

A

mechanical is passively transportation on body
biological has the agent in the body and spreads through bite

45
Q

Distinguish between communicable and noncommunicable disease.

A

communicable- can be spread from host to host
noncommunicable- not spread from person to person. can live outside host for a long time or is caused by normal microbiota (acne/tooth decay)

46
Q

How are healthcare-associated (nosocomial) infections acquired?

A

from interaction with hospital fomites and from staff-patient interaction

47
Q

Why are healthcare-associated (nosocomial) infections acquired?

A

patients are often immunocompromised and have broken skin

48
Q

differences between exogenous and endogenous infections in nosocomial

A

exogenous-directly from environment of hospital
endogenous- result of normal microbiota becoming pathogenic due to medical procedures

49
Q

How can nosocomial infections be controlled?

A

infection control committees, wash hands, change gloves, no ties

50
Q

what are iatrogenic infections in nosocomial infections?

A

physician induced

51
Q

How would you describe transient microbes?

A

microorganisms that are only temporarily found in the human body, and these may include pathogenic microorganisms

52
Q

How would you define a fomite?

A

inanimate object that that can spread disease

53
Q

What is the most common procedural cause of nosocomial infections?

A

catherterization

54
Q

name some locations where we lack normal microbiota.

A

blood, lower respiratory system, and CSF

55
Q

define amensalism

A

one organism is harmed the other is neutral

BIO 442 (26 decks)

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