Microbial Cell Structure

Question 1

What is resolution?

Answer 1

The ability to ditinguish two adjacent objects or points from one another.

Question 1

What is refraction?

Answer 1

Passage through lens material bends light.

Question 2

Do short or long wavelengths provide better resolution?

Answer 2

Short

Question 3

What color gives the best resolution?

Answer 3

Violet

Question 4

What are ball shape bacteria called?

Answer 4

Coccus

Question 5

What are stick shape bacteria called?

Answer 5

Bacillus

Question 6

What is a chain of cocci called?

Answer 6

Streptococci

Question 7

What is a chain of bacilli called?

Answer 7

Streptobacilli

Question 8

What is a cluster of cocci called?

Answer 8

Staphylococci

Question 9

Why can bacilli never form staphylo (cluster)?

Answer 9

They divide (|) not (–) so they cannot attatch in that way.

Question 10

What is the advantage of being small?

Answer 10

More surface area relative to cell volume. This allows faster growth and better exchange

Question 11

The structure that defines the existence of a cell is the _____.

Answer 11

Cell membrane

Question 12

Cemm membranes have approximately equal parts of _____ and ____.

Answer 12

phospholipids, proteins

Question 13

What makes up a phospholipid?

Answer 13

Glycerol with ester links to two fatty acids and a phosphoryl head group.

Question 14

Membrane protein functions:

Answer 14

• structural support
• secretion of virulence factors
• transmission of communication signals
• ion transport and energy storage

Question 15

The cell mambrane acts as a _______ barrier.

Answer 15

semi-permeable

Question 16

_______ transport is essential for survival.

Answer 16

selective

Question 17

Small uncharged molecules such as O2 and CO2 easily permeate the membrane by _____.

Answer 17

diffusion

Question 18

How does water diffuse across the membrane?

Answer 18

osmosis (moves to where more stuff is dissolves in water)

Question 19

Most bacteria are _____, drawing water ____, making them _____.

Answer 19

hypertonic, in, swell.

Question 20

What heppens with weak acids change the pH of a cell?

Answer 20

It allows some compounds to cross the membrane that could not before.

Question 21

Molecules move along their concentration gradient.

Answer 21

Passive transport

Question 22

Molecules move against their concentration gradient.

Answer 22

Active transport

Question 23

Does passive or active transport require energy?

Answer 23

Active transport

Question 24

Saturated fats are _____ at room temp.

Answer 24

solid

Question 25

Unsaturated fats usually have ___ bonds and are ____ at room temp.

Answer 25

cis, oil

Question 26

Bacteria adapt to the temp of their environemnt by becoming less saturated when temp _____.

Answer 26

decreases

Question 27

In eukaryotic membranes, the reinforcing agents are _____ , such as cholesterol and ergosterol.

Answer 27

sterols

Question 28

Bacteria do not use sterols, but use ____ or _____ for the same function.

Answer 28

Hopanoids or hopanes

Question 29

T/F: The nucleoid has a nuclear membrane.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Nucleoids are

Answer 30

haploid

Question 31

What is the total size of prokaryote ribosomes?

Answer 31

70S (two subunits, 30S and 50S)

Question 32

Extensively folded intracellular membranes

Answer 32

Thylakoids

Question 33

Polyhedral bodies packed with the enzyme Rubisco for CO2 fixation

Answer 33

Carboxysomes

Question 34

What is used to increase buoyancy?

Answer 34

gas vesicles

Question 35

What are the kind of storage granules?

Answer 35

- glycogen, PHB (for energy) - sulfur (for oxidation) - volutin (phosphate)

Question 36

FtsZ

Answer 36

Forms a Z ring for septum placement (pinch off point for cytokinisis

Question 37

MreB

Answer 37

Forms a coil inside rid shaped cells, keeps the rod shape

Question 38

CreS

Answer 38

Forms a polymer along the inner side of crescent-shaped bacteria, creates the bent chape

Question 39

The cell wall conifers ____ and _____ to the cell, and helps it ____________.

Answer 39

shape, rigidity, withstand turgot pressure

Question 40

Most bacterial cell walls are made up of _____.

Answer 40

peptidoglycan (or murein)

Question 41

What does peptidoglycan consist of?

Answer 41

NAG- NAM - peptide (4-6 aa)

Question 42

The peptides of peptidoglycan form ________ connecting the parallel glycan strands.

Answer 42

cross-bridges

Question 43

Gram prositive cells have

Answer 43

lipoteichoic acid linked to lipids, act to anchor the wall to membrane

Question 44

Thick cell wall are gram ______ and think cell walls are gram ______.

Answer 44

thick = + thin = -

Question 45

Mycobacterial cell envolopes include unisual membrane lipids (______) and ususual sugars (______).

Answer 45

mycolic acids, arabinogalactans

Question 46

Gram positive have ___ membrane(s) while gram negative have ____ membrane(s)

Answer 46

one, two

Question 47

The ___ _________ _____ consists of one or two sheets in gram negative bacteria.

Answer 47

thin peptidoglycan layer