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Microbiology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The passage through lens meterial bending light is called

A

Refraction

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2
Q

Visible light range

A

400 - 750 nm

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3
Q

What is the resolution of our eyes?

A

150 MICRO meters (mew)

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4
Q

The ability to distinguish two adjacent objects or points from one another

A

Resolution, aka resolving power

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5
Q

Do short or long wavelength provide better resolution?

A

short

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6
Q

Resolving power equation

A

RP = wavelength of light in nm / 2 x NA

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7
Q

What is the numerical aperture?

A

describes the relative effeciency of a lens in bending light rays

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8
Q

What is a chain of bacteria cells called? What about a cluster?

A

Strepto-, Staphylo-

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9
Q

What are some advantages of microbes for being small?

A
  • more surface area relative to cell volume
  • grow faster
  • more mutations = faster evolution
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10
Q

What structure defines the existence of a cell?

A

The cell membrane

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11
Q

Membranes have approx. equal parts of ______ and _____.

A

Phospholipids, proteins

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12
Q

A phospholipid consists of ______ with ____ links to _____ ______ ____ and a ______ _____ ____.

A

glycerol, ester links, two fatty acids, phosphoryl head group

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13
Q

Membrane protein fucitons.

A
  • structural support
  • secretion of virulence factors
  • transmission of communication signals
  • ion transport and energy storage
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14
Q

The cell membrane acts as a ___-______ barrier.

A

semi-permiable

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15
Q

_____ transport is essential for survival.

A

selective

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16
Q

How to small molecules, like O2 and CO2, permeate the membrane?

A

Diffusion

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17
Q

How does water diffuse across the membrane?

A

Osmosis

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18
Q

How to acids/bases get thrugh the membrane?

A

They exist in uncharged states to diffuse across and then change the pH of the cell.

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19
Q

Molecules move along their concentration gradient.

A

Passive transport

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20
Q

Molecules move against their concentration gradient

requires energy

A

Active transport

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21
Q

In eukaryotic membranes, the reinforcing agents are _____, such as cholesterol and ergosterol.

A

sterols

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22
Q

In bacteria, the reinforcing agents are _______, or ________.

A

hopanoids, or hopanes.

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23
Q

Describe the nucleoid.

A
  • no nuclesar membrane
  • haploid
  • contains genetic material
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24
Q

Size of prokaryote ribosome

A

70S (two subunits 30S and 50S)

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25
Q

Extensively folded intracellular membranes in phototrophs.

A

Thylakoids

26
Q

Polyherdral bodies packed with the enzyme Rubisco for CO2 fixation in phototrophs.

A

Carboxysomes

27
Q

Increases buoyancy in phototrophs.

A

gas vesicles

28
Q

List inclusion bodies in phototrophs.

A
  • storage granules
  • glycogen, PHB
  • sulfur
  • volutin
  • magnetosomes
29
Q

What shape determining protein do cocci have?

A

FtsZ - forms a Z ring for septum placement

30
Q

What shape determining protein do baccili have?

A

MreB - forms a coil inside rod shaped cells

31
Q

What shape determining protein do vibrio have?

A

CreS - crescentin, forms a polymer along inner side of crescent-chapes bacteria, leading to the kink

32
Q

The cell wall confers _____ and _____to the
cell, and helps it _______ ______ ______.

A

shape, rigidity, withstand turgor pressure

33
Q

Most becterial cell walls are made up of _________.

A

peptidoglycan

34
Q

What does peptidogylcan consist of?

A

NAG, NAM, bound to a peptide. These peptides can form cross-bridges connecting the parallel glycan strands.

35
Q

Gram positive bacteria have a ____ cell wall and stain _____.

A

thick, purple

36
Q

Gram negative bacteria have a ____ cell wall and stain _____.

A

thin, pink

37
Q

_______ acid is linked to lipids. This acts to anchor the wall to membrane.

A

Lipoteichoic

38
Q

Mycrobial cell envelopes include unusual membrane lipids (_____ _____) and unusual sugars (_______).

A

mycolic acids, arabinogalactans

39
Q

Only gram ____ contain lipoteichoic acid

A

positive

40
Q

Long chains of mycolic acids are only found in _____ _____ bacteria.

A

acid fast

41
Q

When the mycolic acid side chains are not too hydrophobic, they are ___ - ___ carbons.

A

30 - 40

42
Q

When the mycolic acid side chains are somewhat hydrophobic, they are ___ - ___ carbons.

A

40 - 60

43
Q

When the mycolic acid side chains are very hydrophobic, they are ___ - ___ carbons.

A

60 - 90

44
Q

In the gram - negative outer membrane, the ___ _______ ____ consists of one ot two sheets.

A

thin peptidogylcan layer

45
Q

In gram-negative cells, the peptidogycan leyer is covered by an ______ ____ which confers defenseive abilities and _____ properties on many pathogens.

A

outer membrane, toxigenic

46
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure

A
  • Lipid A (6 fatty acids)
  • Core (adaptor structure)
  • O-Antigen (repeats) (barrior function)
47
Q

LPS is only found in gram _____ bacteria because ________.

A

negative, it is in the outer membrane

48
Q

Gram-negative cells primarily use _____, which are ___to transport substances across their outer membrane.

A

porins

49
Q

The peptidoglygan layer is in the _____.

A

periplasm

50
Q

Mycoplasma have a cell membrane, but do not have _____, ____ ____, or a ___ ___.

A

peptodiglycan, mycolic acid, cell wall

51
Q

What are the flagellar arrangements?

A
  • monotrichous
  • amphitrichous
  • lophotrichous
  • petritrichous
52
Q

Spirochete flagella are known as ____ ____ because they are located in the ______.

A

axial filaments, periplasm (they are gram negative)

53
Q

The movement of a bacterium in reponse to chemical gradients.

A

Chemotaxis

54
Q

Short, numerous structures used to attach to cells and other stuctures, like rocks.

A

Fimbriae

55
Q

A single, long structure used to attach to only cells ot transfer genetic code.

A

Sex pilus

56
Q

Types of stuctures cells use to adhere to things.

A
  • fimbriae
  • stalks
  • sex pilus
57
Q

The outermost layer of a bacteria cell is the ____.

A

capsule

58
Q

The capsule is made of _____.

A

carbohydrates

59
Q

What is the most abundant macromolecule in a cell?

A

protein

60
Q

______ does not contain murein.

A

Mycoplasma

61
Q

_______ contains teichoic acid

A

Gram positive

Microbiology (10 decks)

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