Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

Small circular DNA autonomously replicating. Can be transferred between cells

Answer 1

Plasmids

Question 2

The transforming principle comes from experiments of

Answer 2

Griffith

Question 3

In Griffith experiments, infections of mice with strains of Steptococus, ___ and ___ colony types. The phenotype due to _____ production

Answer 3

Rough and smooth. Capsule

Question 4

What is the significant things of Griffith’s 1928 experiment?

Answer 4

He mixed dead S with live R, and the mice were infected with S, and S came back alive.

Question 5

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty 1944 experiment found

Answer 5

DNA is the transforming material

Question 6

Competence is the ability to…

Answer 6

take up exogenous (naked) DNA

Question 7

Naked DNA taken up, incorporated, and expressed

Answer 7

Genetic Transformation

Question 8

Conjucation requires a

Answer 8

plasmid

Question 9

Plasmid-directed transfer requires cell contact

Answer 9

Conjucation

Question 10

What is needed for conjucation direct contact?

Answer 10

Pilus

Question 11

T/F: Transfomration requires a cell to die

Answer 11

True

Question 12

T/F: Conjucation requires a cell to die

Answer 12

False

Question 13

Integrated F factor, Hfr strains

Answer 13

A type of conjucation wehre rather than a plasmid, Hfr strain needs direct contact and the replicating gene is biased based on what genes are closest to replicate.

Question 14

Generalized transduction involved a ____ ____

Answer 14

lytic phage

Question 15

Specialized trnasduction has ___ ____

Answer 15

lysogenic phage

Question 16

Generalized transduction

Answer 16

begins when a virulent phage attatches to a donor and infectis it.

The infected cell lyses, poducing some reare phages that contain bacterial DNA instead of phage DNA.

When infect another cell, the bacterial DNA enters the cell

The bacterial DNA becomes incorporated by the recombination into the recipient cell’s chromosome

Transfer of the dollar gene!

Question 17

Specialized transduction

Answer 17

• inserts as prophage
• aberrant excision
• pick up adjacnt gene
• defective phage
• one in a million odds (do it enough times then!)

Question 18

To protect against transferred DNA, bacteria cut entering DNA into piences, cirring at specific ___ ____.

Answer 18

restriction sites

Question 19

To protect against transferred DNA, bacteria add ____ groups to DNA to know what to cut and what not to.

Answer 19

methyl groups

Question 20

____ will inhibit transformation

Answer 20

DNase

Question 21

… will disrupt conjucation

Answer 21

0.2 microm membranes

Question 22

Needs naked DNA

Answer 22

Transformation

Question 23

Needs cell contact

Answer 23

Conjugation

Question 24

Involves bacteriophage

Answer 24

Transduction

Question 25

The most common mutation is ___ mutation, where wrong bases are incorporated

Answer 25

point mutation

Question 26

Ato G, or C to T big to big, little to little

Answer 26

Transition

Question 27

A to C, T to G Big to little, or little to big

Answer 27

Transversion

Question 28

TAT to TAC >> Tyr to Tyr

Answer 28

silent mutation No phenotype (usually)

Question 29

TAt to TTT >> Tyr to Phe

Answer 29

Missense mutation

Question 30

TAT to TAA >> Tyr to stop

Answer 30

Nonsense mutation

Question 31

Indel

Answer 31

Insertion, deletion, or insertion and deletion of nucleotides in genomic DNA

Question 32

Indel examples

Answer 32

- mutations - mutants - mutagens

Question 33

5-Bromouracil Mutagenesisq

Answer 33

- Shifting from Keto to enol, - In keto, bond with A. In enol, bond with G. - Keto form strongly preferred. - Need T, 5BU looks like T, so stick to A. Later, it looks like U, so it is paired with G, so a C is stuck on. - takes 3 rounds to fix -TRANSITION mutation

Question 34

Ames test

Answer 34

Salmonella used to test mutagns (no ability to make His, so are His-). Wild types grow, mutants can't. In exposure to product, look for reversions to His+ Rather than measuring the breaking, we are measuring the fixing to see if this product is a mutagen and therefore cause cancer. In example picture, the product is so potent that is is killing the cells near it and then farther we see His+.

Question 35

Adding or deleting 1 to 2 bases knocks the system out of frame

Answer 35

Frame shift mutations

Question 36

Potential reading frames

Answer 36

Since we read triplet codons there are three reading frames in the forward direction, and three possible frames in the reverse direction

Question 37

Which technique can be used to study transcriptomics?

Answer 37

Gene chip

Question 38

How are proteins modified in a two-component signal cascade?

Answer 38

Phosphorylated

Question 39

Which of these regulatory proteins favors the lytic cycle in lambda phage?

Answer 39

cro

Question 40

RpoH (sigma 32) is involved in what process?

Answer 40

Heat shock response

Question 41

What is the default setting for flagella rotation in E. coli?

Answer 41

Counter-clockwise

Question 42

Which of these techniques can be used to study proteomics?

Answer 42

2D gels

Question 43

What sigma factor strategy is used to coordinate gene expression in a developing endospore?

Answer 43

anti-sigma factors

Question 44

What happens when MCP proteins have methyls groups added to them?

Answer 44

They become less sensitive

Question 45

How do E. coli flagella spin when conditions become more favorable (increasing resources)?

Answer 45

counter-clockwise