Lecture 4 Flashcards
Archaea are ____karyotes, so they ____ have a nucleus.
prokaryotes, do not have a nucleus
Rather than peptidoiglycan, Arachae have …
pseudopeptidoglycan
Rather than a phospholipid bilayer for a membrane, Arachae have a phospholipid _____ that uses _____ rather than ester links, leading to ________ chains of lipids.
monolayer, ethers, branched chain
Ways Archae are similar to bacteria
- circular genome
- has operons
Archae similarities to eukaryotes
- has interons
-RNA Polymerase has TBP, TFB - has proteins similar to histones
For pseudopeptidoglycan, the disaccharide uses NAG and ____.
NAT
Name the two groups of Archaea discussed in class
- euryarchaeota
- crenarchaeota
What is the unique lipid found in Crenarchaeota?
Crenarchaeol
What is the upper temperature limit for microbial life?
Labs suggest 140-150 F, however it is likely higher
Adaptations to life at high temperature include stablizing of monomers using the protective effect of ____ _____ of cytoplasmic solutes and the use of more _____-_______ molecules.
high concentrations, heat-stable
Adaptations to life at high temperature include protein folding structural features that improve thermostability like _____ _______ cores and increased ______ ____ on protein surfaces.
highly hydrophobic cores, increased ionic interactions (salt bridges)
What are chaperones and what do they do?
A class of proteins that refold partially denatured proteins
This is a major chaperonin protein complex in Pyrodictium.
Thermosome
Adaptations to life at high temperature include DNA stability by having high ______ ____ stabilize DNA and a reversed coil that introduces _____ ______ into DNA.
high intracellular solute levels, positive supercoils
Adaptations to life at high temperature include DNA stability with high intracellular levels of _______ to stabilize DNA and RNA.
polyamines
Adaptations to life at high temperature include DNA stability by having DNA-binding proteins called _____ that compact DNA into nucleosome-like structures.
histones
Adaptations to life at high temperature include lipid stability by possessing dibiphytanyl _____ ___ _____; form a lipid monolayer membrane strucure.
tetraether type lipids
Adaptations to life at high temperature include SSU ____ _____ by having a higher GC content.
rRNA stability
While many Crenarchaeota prefer ___ temps, some are _______, especially in the ocean.
high, mesophilic (moderate temp)
A mesophilic Crenarchaeota known as Nitrosopumilales _____ ______, fix _____.
oxidized ammonia, fix CO2
Some Crenarchaeota live as psychrophilic temps and are found in ____ and _____ in _______.
in ice and seawater in Antartica.
The Euryarchaeota are known as the ______.
Methanogens
How many orders of Euryarchaeota?
5
Euryarchaeota: Halophiles tolerate thier high salt environments by having _____ pump out H+ and _____ pump out Cl-.
Bacteriorhodopsin, halorhodopsin
