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Micro V Flashcards

1
Q

What is the morphology of clostridium tetani?

A

Gram positive rods

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2
Q

Is clostridium tetani an aerobe or an anaerobe?

A

Anaerobic

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3
Q

What is the reservoir for clostridium?

A

Soil

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4
Q

What is the MOA of tetanus toxin?

A

Toxin blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (Glycine and GABA)  Spastic
paralysis

Cleavage of synaptobrevin

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5
Q

What is the tetanus vaccine?

A

Toxoid

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6
Q

What is the most common scenario for acquiring

tetanus?

A

Rusty nail stick

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7
Q

What virus ascends in a retrograde manner to the

CNS?

A

Rabies

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8
Q

What is the treatment for tetanus?

A

Hyperimmune IVIG + benzos for spasms

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9
Q

What are the s/sx of tetanus? (3)

A

Trismus
Sardonic smile
Arched back

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10
Q

What are the top three cases requiring passive and active immunization?

A
  1. Tetanus
  2. Rabies
  3. HBV (needle stick or mothers)
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11
Q

What are the EM findings of Rabies?

A

Negri bodies

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12
Q

What is opisthotonus?

A

arched back 2/2 tetanus

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13
Q

Why are benzos useful for treating tetanus?

A

Potentiates GABA (which is blocked by tetanus)

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14
Q

What is another common scenarios for getting tetanus in developing countries?

A

Umbilical stump of newborn infants

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15
Q

What is the morphology of clostridium botulinum?

A

Gram positive rods

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16
Q

Is clostridium botulinum aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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17
Q

What is the reservoir for clostridium botulinum?

A

Spores in the soil =

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18
Q

What is the treatment for clostridium botulinum?

A

antitoxin

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19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of clostridium botulinum?

A

Botulinum toxin inhibits neurotransmitter release from
presynaptic nerve endings by selectively proteolysing
(inhibiting) the synaptic protein synaptobrevin, which
plays a role in calcium-dependent exocytosis of
acetylcholine.

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20
Q

What are the foods associated with infant botulism?

A

Canned food or honey

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21
Q

Do adults get infected with clostridium botulinum through spores?

A

No–only infants whose immune system is not mature

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22
Q

What are the s/sx of botulinum?

A
  1. Fixed, dilated pupils
  2. Diplopia
  3. Dysphagia
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23
Q

What is the most common source of botulism in

adults?

A

The most common source of botulism in adults is canned beans; and in
particular yellow beans

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24
Q

What is the most common source of botulism in

babies?

A

• The common source of botulism in babies is honey.

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25
Botulinum toxin is transferred by blood. Tetanus is | transmitted by what?
Botulinum toxin is transferred by blood. Tetanus is transmitted by nerves.
26
What is the morphology of clostridium perfringens? Aerobic?
Gram positive rod | Anaerobic
27
What is the virulence factor for clostridium perfringens?
Lectinthiase
28
What is the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens?
Lecithinase and sphingomyelinase released from vegetative bacteria, degrade components in cell membranes
29
What is the management strategey of clostridium perfringens?
Debridement of the wound
30
Palpation of the wound infected with clostridium perfringens reveals what?
Crepitus
31
What is the treatment for clostridium perfringens? (3)
PCN Clindamycin Metronidazole
32
Does C. perfringens produce exotoxin?
perfringens produces an exotoxin, but it is not virulent in gas gangrene. The toxin is virulent in C. perfringens enteritis.
33
What is the older name for C. Perfringens?
The older name for C. Perfringens is C. welchii.
34
What is claimed to be the third most common cause of food poisoning in the USA and United Kingdom?
Clostridium perfringens enterotoxicity is claimed to be the third most common food poisoning!
35
What strain of C. perfringens cause gas gangrene?
Strains A and C cause enterotoxicity in humans.
36
What is the name of the toxin that causes gas | gangrene
The toxin involved in gas gangrene is known as -toxin, which has Lecithinase and sphingomyelinase.
37
All members of the genus clostridia are motile | except what?
Strain A causes both gas gangrene and enterotoxicity!
38
What is the most common way for getting C. perfringens food poisoning?
C. perfringens food poisoning is commonly acquired by eating improperly cooked beef or pork meat that is soiled with the clostridial spores.
39
What is the mechanism of C. Perfringens cause?
The enterotoxin forms a complex protein that forms pores in the cells of the intestine and allow potassium ions and fluids to leak out.
40
What is the morphology of C. diff? Aerobic?
Gram positive rod | Anaerobe
41
What is the reservoir for C. diff?
Colon
42
What is the pathogenesis for C. Diff?
Clindamycin and ampicillin decrease normal flora
43
What is the treatment for C. diff?
Metronidazole | Vancomycin
44
What is the function of exotoxin B of C. diff?
Kills mucosa and forms pseudomembranes
45
Clostridium perfringens that causes myonecrosis, and cellulitis associated with wound infections, is most likely responsive to what antibiotic?
Treatment of choice for gas gangrene of C. perfringens includes penicillin and/or clindamycin.
46
What are the three major indications for vanco?
MRSA C. Diff Staph Epidermidis
47
What is the CCFA media for c. diff culturing
Cycloserine (kills gram -) Cefoxitin Fructose Agar
48
What is the morphology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Gram positive rods that form chinese characters
49
What is the agar used for corynebacterium?
Tellurite agar
50
What is the pathogenesis for Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Gray pseudomembranes formed from inhibition of ADP ribosylating eIF-2
51
What are the major complications of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Myocardial damage | Neuropathy
52
What are the s/sx of Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection? (3)
- Gray pseudomembranes - Laryngeal nerve spasms - CHF
53
What is the treatment for Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection?
Passive immunoglobulins | PCN or erythromycin
54
What other bacteria produces a toxin similar to diphtheria and blocks the elongation factor (unzipping effect)?
Pseudomonas
55
What two gram-positive rods are known as | Chinese letter bugs?
Listeria and diphtheria are known as Chinese letter bugs.
56
Diphtheria toxin has tropism for what two organs?
Diphtheria toxin has tropism for: (1) nerves, causing neuritis and lysis of myelin sheath neuritis (e.g. it causes laryngeal nerve spasm); and (2) for myocardium, causing necrosis and degeneration of the myocytes.
57
What are the morphological characteristics of listeria monocytogenes? Hemolysis pattern?
Gram positive rods that grow as "chinese letters" on blood agar, with beta hemolysis
58
What are the most important sources for listeria monocytogenes?
- Unpasteurized milk | - Prepackaged meats
59
What is the major diseases caused by listeria monocytogenes?
Meningitis in infants and the elderly
60
What test distinguishes Listeria from B strep?
Catalase test distinguishes the two from each other. Listeria is catalasepositive.
61
The top two DOCs of Listeria are? | Ampicillin and
The second DOC of listeria is TMP/SMX
62
What is Infanti septic granulomatosis?
Infantiseptica is abortion or stillbirth fetus infected with Listeriosis and it is characterized with granuloma and abscesses
63
Listeria is the second most common cause meningitis in neonates. What are the first and third common causes?
The first cause, group B streptococcus; and the 3rd cause, E coli (K1)
64
What four situation after establishing and clinical d of disease warrant administration of passive immunization?
1 Tetanus 2. Botulinum 3. CMV 4. Diphtheria
65
What type of immunity plays an important role in | Listeriosis?
Cell-mediated immunity.
66
Doe pseudomonas ferment lactose
Nah dawg
67
What is the pigment that pseudomonas produces? Smell?
Blue-green pigment | Grape smell
68
What is the treatment for pseudomonas? (3)
Piperacillin Cipro Gentamicin

All the Small Things (29 decks)

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