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All the Small Things > Micro V > Flashcards

Micro V Flashcards

1
Q

What is the morphology of clostridium tetani?

A

Gram positive rods

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2
Q

Is clostridium tetani an aerobe or an anaerobe?

A

Anaerobic

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3
Q

What is the reservoir for clostridium?

A

Soil

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4
Q

What is the MOA of tetanus toxin?

A

Toxin blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (Glycine and GABA)  Spastic
paralysis

Cleavage of synaptobrevin

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5
Q

What is the tetanus vaccine?

A

Toxoid

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6
Q

What is the most common scenario for acquiring

tetanus?

A

Rusty nail stick

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7
Q

What virus ascends in a retrograde manner to the

CNS?

A

Rabies

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8
Q

What is the treatment for tetanus?

A

Hyperimmune IVIG + benzos for spasms

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9
Q

What are the s/sx of tetanus? (3)

A

Trismus
Sardonic smile
Arched back

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10
Q

What are the top three cases requiring passive and active immunization?

A
  1. Tetanus
  2. Rabies
  3. HBV (needle stick or mothers)
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11
Q

What are the EM findings of Rabies?

A

Negri bodies

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12
Q

What is opisthotonus?

A

arched back 2/2 tetanus

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13
Q

Why are benzos useful for treating tetanus?

A

Potentiates GABA (which is blocked by tetanus)

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14
Q

What is another common scenarios for getting tetanus in developing countries?

A

Umbilical stump of newborn infants

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15
Q

What is the morphology of clostridium botulinum?

A

Gram positive rods

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16
Q

Is clostridium botulinum aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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17
Q

What is the reservoir for clostridium botulinum?

A

Spores in the soil =

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18
Q

What is the treatment for clostridium botulinum?

A

antitoxin

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19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of clostridium botulinum?

A

Botulinum toxin inhibits neurotransmitter release from
presynaptic nerve endings by selectively proteolysing
(inhibiting) the synaptic protein synaptobrevin, which
plays a role in calcium-dependent exocytosis of
acetylcholine.

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20
Q

What are the foods associated with infant botulism?

A

Canned food or honey

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21
Q

Do adults get infected with clostridium botulinum through spores?

A

No–only infants whose immune system is not mature

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22
Q

What are the s/sx of botulinum?

A
  1. Fixed, dilated pupils
  2. Diplopia
  3. Dysphagia
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23
Q

What is the most common source of botulism in

adults?

A

The most common source of botulism in adults is canned beans; and in
particular yellow beans

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24
Q

What is the most common source of botulism in

babies?

A

• The common source of botulism in babies is honey.

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25
Q

Botulinum toxin is transferred by blood. Tetanus is

transmitted by what?

A

Botulinum toxin is transferred by blood. Tetanus is transmitted by nerves.

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26
Q

What is the morphology of clostridium perfringens? Aerobic?

A

Gram positive rod

Anaerobic

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27
Q

What is the virulence factor for clostridium perfringens?

A

Lectinthiase

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28
Q

What is the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens?

A

Lecithinase and sphingomyelinase released from vegetative bacteria, degrade components in cell membranes

29
Q

What is the management strategey of clostridium perfringens?

A

Debridement of the wound

30
Q

Palpation of the wound infected with clostridium perfringens reveals what?

31
Q

What is the treatment for clostridium perfringens? (3)

A

PCN
Clindamycin
Metronidazole

32
Q

Does C. perfringens produce exotoxin?

A

perfringens produces an exotoxin, but it is not virulent in gas
gangrene. The toxin is virulent in C. perfringens enteritis.

33
Q

What is the older name for C. Perfringens?

A

The older name for C. Perfringens is C. welchii.

34
Q

What is claimed to be the third most common
cause of food poisoning in the USA and United
Kingdom?

A

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxicity is claimed to be the third most
common food poisoning!

35
Q

What strain of C. perfringens cause gas gangrene?

A

Strains A and C cause enterotoxicity in humans.

36
Q

What is the name of the toxin that causes gas

gangrene

A

The toxin involved in gas gangrene is known as -toxin, which has
Lecithinase and sphingomyelinase.

37
Q

All members of the genus clostridia are motile

except what?

A

Strain A causes both gas gangrene and enterotoxicity!

38
Q

What is the most common way for getting C. perfringens food poisoning?

A

C. perfringens food poisoning is commonly acquired by eating improperly
cooked beef or pork meat that is soiled with the clostridial spores.

39
Q

What is the mechanism of C. Perfringens cause?

A

The enterotoxin forms a complex protein that forms pores in the cells of
the intestine and allow potassium ions and fluids to leak out.

40
Q

What is the morphology of C. diff? Aerobic?

A

Gram positive rod

Anaerobe

41
Q

What is the reservoir for C. diff?

42
Q

What is the pathogenesis for C. Diff?

A

Clindamycin and ampicillin decrease normal flora

43
Q

What is the treatment for C. diff?

A

Metronidazole

Vancomycin

44
Q

What is the function of exotoxin B of C. diff?

A

Kills mucosa and forms pseudomembranes

45
Q

Clostridium perfringens that causes myonecrosis,
and cellulitis associated with wound infections, is
most likely responsive to what antibiotic?

A

Treatment of choice for gas gangrene of C. perfringens includes
penicillin and/or clindamycin.

46
Q

What are the three major indications for vanco?

A

MRSA
C. Diff
Staph Epidermidis

47
Q

What is the CCFA media for c. diff culturing

A

Cycloserine (kills gram -)
Cefoxitin
Fructose
Agar

48
Q

What is the morphology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Gram positive rods that form chinese characters

49
Q

What is the agar used for corynebacterium?

A

Tellurite agar

50
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Gray pseudomembranes formed from inhibition of ADP ribosylating eIF-2

51
Q

What are the major complications of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Myocardial damage

Neuropathy

52
Q

What are the s/sx of Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection? (3)

A
  • Gray pseudomembranes
  • Laryngeal nerve spasms
  • CHF
53
Q

What is the treatment for Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection?

A

Passive immunoglobulins

PCN or erythromycin

54
Q

What other bacteria produces a toxin similar to
diphtheria and blocks the elongation factor
(unzipping effect)?

A

Pseudomonas

55
Q

What two gram-positive rods are known as

Chinese letter bugs?

A

Listeria and diphtheria are known as Chinese letter bugs.

56
Q

Diphtheria toxin has tropism for what two organs?

A

Diphtheria toxin has tropism for: (1) nerves, causing neuritis and lysis of
myelin sheath neuritis (e.g. it causes laryngeal nerve spasm); and (2) for
myocardium, causing necrosis and degeneration of the myocytes.

57
Q

What are the morphological characteristics of listeria monocytogenes? Hemolysis pattern?

A

Gram positive rods that grow as “chinese letters” on blood agar, with beta hemolysis

58
Q

What are the most important sources for listeria monocytogenes?

A
  • Unpasteurized milk

- Prepackaged meats

59
Q

What is the major diseases caused by listeria monocytogenes?

A

Meningitis in infants and the elderly

60
Q

What test distinguishes Listeria from B strep?

A

Catalase test distinguishes the two from each other. Listeria is catalasepositive.

61
Q

The top two DOCs of Listeria are?

Ampicillin and

A

The second DOC of listeria is TMP/SMX

62
Q

What is Infanti septic granulomatosis?

A

Infantiseptica is abortion or stillbirth fetus infected with Listeriosis and it is
characterized with granuloma and abscesses

63
Q

Listeria is the second most common cause
meningitis in neonates. What are the first and
third common causes?

A

The first cause, group B streptococcus; and the 3rd cause, E coli (K1)

64
Q

What four situation after establishing and clinical d of disease warrant administration of passive immunization?

A

1 Tetanus

  1. Botulinum
  2. CMV
  3. Diphtheria
65
Q

What type of immunity plays an important role in

Listeriosis?

A

Cell-mediated immunity.

66
Q

Doe pseudomonas ferment lactose

67
Q

What is the pigment that pseudomonas produces? Smell?

A

Blue-green pigment

Grape smell

68
Q

What is the treatment for pseudomonas? (3)

A

Piperacillin
Cipro
Gentamicin

All the Small Things (29 decks)

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