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All the Small Things > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the first pharyngeal arch become?

A

External ear

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2
Q

What is a pharyngeal pouch and arch?

A

Pouch is in the inside, while arch is on the outside

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3
Q

What does the first pharyngeal pouch become?

A

Internal ear

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4
Q

What do archs 2, 3, 4 become?

A

Degenerate, or become a cystic remnant

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5
Q

What happens to pharyngeal arch 5?

A

Never develops in humans

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6
Q

What happens to pharyngeal pouch 2?

A

Becomes the pouch for the tonsils

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7
Q

What happens to pharyngeal pouch 3? (2 parts)

A
  • Develops into the inferior parathyroid gland

- Thymus

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8
Q

What happens to pharyngeal pouch 4?

A

Develops into the superior parathyroid gland

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9
Q

What are the pharyngeal membranes?

A

Thin membrane between each arch

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10
Q

What does the first pharyngeal membrane form?

A

TM

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11
Q

What do pharyngeal membranes 2, 3, and 4 form?

A

Degenerate

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12
Q

What structures are formed from the neural crest cells of pharyngeal arch 6?

A

laryngeal cartilage

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13
Q

What is the role of the Sonic hedgehog gene in development?

A

Patterning along anterior posterior axis

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14
Q

What is the role of the Wnt-7 gene in development?

A

Organization along dorsal-ventral axis

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15
Q

What is the role of the FGF gene in development?

A

Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm to lengthen limbs

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16
Q

What is the role of the Hox gene in development?

A

Segmental organziation of embryo in a craniocaudal direction

Mutations lead to appendages in wrong locations

17
Q

Appendages in wrong locations = which gene mutation?

18
Q

What are the components of the VACTERL association?

A 
Vertebral abnormalities
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects
TE fistulas
Renal defects
Limb defects
19
Q

What is the embryological derivative of the nucleus pulposus?

A

Intervertebral discs

20
Q

What is the teratogenic effect associated with: alkylating agents

A

absence of digits

21
Q

What is the teratogenic effect associated with: aminoglycosides

A

CN VIII defects (“A mean guy hit a baby in the ear”)

22
Q

What is the teratogenic effect associated with: carbamazepine

23
Q

What is the teratogenic effect associated with: folate antagonists

24
Q

What is the teratogenic effect associated with: Li

A

Ebstein cardiac anomaly

25
Q

What is the teratogenic effect associated with: methimazole

A

Cutis aplasia

26
Q

What is the teratogenic effect associated with: tetracyclines

A

discolored teeth

27
Q

What is the teratogenic effect associated with: thalidomide

A

Limb defects

28
Q

What is the teratogenic effect associated with: valproate

A

Inhibition of maternal folate absorption

29
Q

What is the teratogenic effect associated with: warfarin

A

Bone deformities, hemorrhage

30
Q

What is the teratogenic effect associated with: caudal regression syndrome

A

Maternal DM

31
Q

What is the teratogenic effect associated with: excess vitamin A

A

Cleft palate

Spontaneous abortion

32
Q

Which is the inner layer: chorion or amnion

33
Q

What cells of the placenta produce hCG?

A

syncytiotrophoblast

34
Q

What is the maternal component of the placenta called?

A

Decidua basalis

35
Q

Two arteries or two veins in the umbilical cord

A

Two arteries

36
Q

What does a vitelline fistula present with

A

Meconium from the umbilicus

37
Q

What does a patent urachus present as?

A

Urine d/c from the umbilicus

38
Q

What cancer can a urachal cyst lead to?

A

Adenocarcinoma

39
Q

What is the CAP mnemonic for remembering the order of the composition of the clefts, arches, and pouches?

A

CAP from outside to in. Thus:

  • Clefts = ectoderm
  • Arches = mesoderm
  • Pouches = endoderm

All the Small Things (29 decks)

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