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Biology: Cells And Molecules > Meoisis And Mitosis > Flashcards

Meoisis And Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the one characteristic that distinguishes the living from the non-living?

A

The ability to produce more of their own kind

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2
Q

What are 3 important roles of cell division?

A

Division of one prokaryotic cell and unicellular eukaryotic cell reproduces an entire organism and it enables a multicellular eukaryote to develop from a single cell

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3
Q

What is a genome?

A

All of a cell’s genetic information

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4
Q

What is a prokaryote in terms of chromosome?

A

Single, circular chromosome

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5
Q

What is a eukaryote in terms of chromosome?

A

More than one linear chromesone

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6
Q

How is DNA organized?

A

In chromosomes

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7
Q

What is the shape of DNA like?

A

Double helix molecule wrapped around histone proteins like thread on spools

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8
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

DNA- protein complex

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9
Q

How is the chromatin organize?

A

Into long thin fibers that are condensed further during mitosis

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10
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes with 23 pairs

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do all stomatic cells have?

A

46

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12
Q

How do stomatic cells divide?

A

By mitosis

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13
Q

What kind of - Oid do stomatic cells have?

A

Diploid with 2 of each type of chromosome

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14
Q

What kind of cells are gametes?

A

Sex cells eg.sperm and egg

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15
Q

What kind of - Oid do gametes have?

A

Haploid with one of each type of chromosome

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16
Q

How do gametes divide?

A

By meiosis

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17
Q

How many gametes do humans have?

A

23

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18
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle? (main)

A

Interphase, miotic phase and cytokinese phase

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19
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

Some cells don’t enter g1 phase after cell division like mature cardiac cells and neurons

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20
Q

What happens in the gl phase?

A

Cells grow by producing proteins and organelles and some repair is done here

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21
Q

What happens in the gl checkpoint?

A

Used to determine if the Cell is ready to enter the s-phase and if DNA synthesis can begin

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22
Q

How long does the s-phase for last?

A

6 hours

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23
Q

What happens in the s-phase?

A

DNA is replicated here and two copies of DNA molecules are attached at the centromere

24
Q

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

A

S- phase

25
Q

What happens at the g2 phase?

A

Production and movement of cells to proper locations

26
Q

What happens at the end of the g2 phase? (products basically)

A

Chromosomes, organelles and cytoplasm are doubled

27
Q

What happens at the g2 checkpoint?

A

Checking to maintain DNA stability and if DNA synthesis has been done correctly

28
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Division of the nucleus

29
Q

What happens in the prophase of mitosis? (1st)

A

Chromosomes are shortening and thickening and grouped into sister chromatids connected by a centromere

30
Q

In what stage of mitosis does the middle spindle begin to form?

A

Pro phase/1st

31
Q

What happens in the metaphase of mitosis? (2)

A

Spindle fibers move chromes ones to cell center, and centro meres line up at the metaphase plate

32
Q

What happens at the metaphase checkpoint? (cc)

A

Checks if tension from two poles are equal and ensures proper segregation of chromosomes

33
Q

What happens in anaphase in mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids get pulled and moved to opposite poles which move further apart as polar microtybules lengthen

34
Q

What do motor proteins de?

A

Pull chromosomes apart

35
Q

What happens in the telephase (4) of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes reach opposite poles, beginning to condense , daughter nuclei and nucleioli form, nuclear envelope reappears and spindle fibers disperse

36
Q

What happens when cytokinese begins for animals?

A

A cleavage furrow forms at metaphase plate and splits into two like tightening a draw string

37
Q

What happens in Cytokinese for plants?

A

A cell plate forms

38
Q

What are the 3 major checkpoints of the cell cycle?

A

G1/s-phase ,’g2/m and the spindle checkpoints

39
Q

What happens at the spindle check-point?

A

Checks if all chromosomes are. attached to the spindle and if sister chromatids can separate properly

40
Q

What are autosomes?

A

22 pairs of chromosomes that don’t determine sex

41
Q

What are the sex chromesones?

A

X and y

42
Q

How are chromosomes inherited in a pair of homologous chromesones?

A

One is inherited from the male parent and the other from the female parent

43
Q

What is the genetic locus?

A

The location of a particular gene on a chromosome

44
Q

What does each genetic locus have?

A

2 alleles with one each homologous chromesone

45
Q

What dees meiosis involve, in terms of Cell division?

A

It involves 2 cell divisions, resulting in 4 cells with half normal genetic information

46
Q

What are non-sister chromatids?

A

Homologs that contain DNA that codes for same genes but different versions of them

47
Q

What is the first division of meiosis?

A

Meiosis 1

48
Q

What happens in the interphase of meiosis? (1st)

A

Chromosomes are replicated

49
Q

What happens in prophase 1 of meiosis? (2nd)

A

Here synopsis homologous chromosomes pair up

50
Q

What are tetrads?

A

4 sister chromoticls crossing over at the chiasmata

51
Q

What happens in metaphase 1?

A

Tetras line up and independent assortment occurs and chromosomes separate randomly causing genetic recombination

52
Q

What happens in anaphase 1? (4th)

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate with sister chromatids attached by centromere

53
Q

What is the difference between the anaphase in meiosis and mitosis?

A

The centromere doesn’t break due to the sister chromatids getting pulled apart in meiosis

54
Q

What are 3 differences between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Pairing of homologous chromosomes happens in meiosis but not mitosis, centromere division occurs in anaphase for mitosis and anaphase 2 for meiosis and crossing over of homologous chromosomes happens in meiosis but hot mitosis

55
Q

What is non disjunction?

A

When chromosomes fail to separate properly

Biology: Cells And Molecules (22 decks)

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