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Biology: Cells And Molecules > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Building of molecules

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2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Digestion of molecules

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3
Q

What is responsible for the activities of the cells?

A

Energy and enzymes

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4
Q

What activities are energy and enzymes responsible for in the cell?

A

Transport of millions of proteins and vesicles moving between organelles

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5
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work or cause change.

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6
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy stored in an object

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7
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Potential energy in a chemical reaction

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8
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy of an object in motion

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9
Q

How is energy measured?

A

In joules

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10
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but not created or destroyed

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11
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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12
Q

What is entropy?

A

Disorder of the universe

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13
Q

What is free energy?

A

The portion of a system’s energy that is available to do work

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14
Q

Why do systems tend to change spontaneously?

A

To meet a more stable State

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15
Q

What kinds of systems are rich in free energy that have the tendency to change to the opposite?

A

Unstable systems

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16
Q

What is the relationship with energy, stability and work capacity when there is a lot of free energy?

A

When there is more free energy, the system is less stable and work capacity is greater.

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17
Q

When there is less free energy, how does this affect the stability and work capacity?

A

There is more stability and less work capacity

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18
Q

What are exorgonic chemical reactions?

A

Chemical reactions that release energy

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19
Q

Whet kind of reaction is there a digestion of polymers? (Exo or endo)

A

Exorgonic

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20
Q

Is catabolism or anabolism involved in hydrolysis?

A

Catabolism

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21
Q

What kinds of chemical reactions are spontaneous with less organization and lower energy state?

A

Exorgonic

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22
Q

What reactions require an input of energy?

A

Endergonic

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23
Q

What kind of chemical reactions build polymers, have more organization and a higher energy state?

A

Endergonic

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24
Q

Is dehydration synthesis catabolism or anabolism?

A

Anabolism

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25
What kind of reaction is cellular respiration?
Spontaneous
26
What kind of reaction is photosynthesis? (Sponanteous or not)
Non-spontaneous
27
What kind of systems are organisms?
Endorgonic
28
What do organisms need energy for?
Synthesis/building of biomolecules, reproduction, movement and active transport
29
What are the 3 main types of work done in the cell?
Mechanical chemical and transport
30
How do cells manage energy resources to do work?
By energy coupling
31
What is energy coupling?
Using an exorgonic process to drive an enclorgonic one
32
How are the bonds between phosphate groups broken?
Hydrolysis
33
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
34
What is the cell's main energy source?
ATP
35
What is ATP made of?
Adenine, ribose and 3 phosphates
36
What kind of process is the addition of phosphates?.
Endorgonic
37
What happens when ATP is hydrolyzed?
It becomes ADP
38
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine diphosphate
39
What are features of ADP?
Only a good short term energy storage, too reactive, transfers pi too easily
40
How do chemical reactions start?
Non-spontaneously with required energy like a spark
41
What is activation energy?
The amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecule
42
What is a catalyst?
A substance that can change the rate of a reaction without being altered in the process
43
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst made of protein and rRNAthat facilitates chemical reactions by increasing the rate of reaction without being consumed, reducing activation energy and without changing free energy
44
What kind of enzymes build molecules and what kind break down molecules and what kind speed up reactions?
Synthesis enzymes build molecules ( anabolic ) digestion enzymes break down molecules (catabolic) and catalysts speed up reactions
45
What is a substrate?
The reactant that an enzyme acts on
46
How do an enzyme form an enzyme substrate complex?
Enzymes bind to their substrates forming an enzyme substrate complex
47
What is the active site?
Where the substrate binds
48
What do enzymes have building affinity for?
Substrates and only bond specific things like functional groups
49
What is the key to enzyme action?
Specificity
50
What is the induced fit in an enzyme?
Enzyme fits snugly around substrates in a clasping handshake
51
How are enzymes used in reactions?
Enzymes aren't completely used up or changed by reactions. They are usually only used temporarily then re-used for the same reaction with other molecules
52
How much enzyme is needed to help in reactions?
Very little
53
Why do enzymes need to be certain shape?
Enzymes are specific helpers to specific reactions so they need the right shape for the job
54
What does sucrase do?
Breaks down sucrose
55
What does protease do?
Breaks down proteins
56
What do lipases do?
Break down lipids
57
What do DNA polymerases do?
Break down DNA
58
What is a metabolic pathway?
A pathway that has many steps which begin with a specific molecule and end with a product that is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
59
What are biosynthetic pathways divided into?
Catabolic and anabolic pathways
60
What do catabolic pathways do?
They release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
61
What do anabolic pathways do?
They consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones like amino acids to form proteins
62
What affects/denatures enzyme action?
Incorrect protein structure, temperature and ph
63
What is the optimum temperature of enzymes?
In between 35°c to 40°c
64
What is the relationship between the optimum temperature of enzymes and the number of collisions between enzymes and substrates?
When the enzymes is at the optimum temperature, there is the greatest number of collisions between enzymes and substrates
65
What does raising the temperature above the optimum do to enzymes?
It denatures the enzyme
66
What does lowering the optimum temperature do to enzymes?
It makes molecules slower with lower amount of collisions
67
What does change in ph do to enzymes?
Denatures the enzyme and disturbs the hydrogen bonds since ph of most human enzymes are between 6-8
68
What is the ph in pepsin?
3
69
What is the ph in trypsin?
8
70
What are the other factors that affect enzyme function?
Enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and salinity
71
What happens as you increase the amount of enzymes?
The reaction rate increases as well
72
What happens over some time as the enzyme is increased?
Eventually enzyme rate levels off as the substrate becomes the limiting factor
73
Why do substrates become the limiting factor as enzyme concentration is increased?
The enzymes can't always find the substrates
74
What happens as you increase the substrate?
The reaction rate increases as the increased amount of substrate will collide more frequently with the enzyme
75
When do reaction rates level off when the substrate concentration has increased?
When all enzymes have active sites engaged
76
What does salinity describe?
The salt concentration of an enzyme
77
What does changes in salinity do?
Add and removes cations and anions, disrupts the bonds , attractions between amino acids and denatures proteins
78
What are enzymes intolerant of?
Extreme salinity
79
What is an activator?
A compound that helps enzymes
80
What are the types of activators?
Co factors and coenzymes
81
What are cofactors?
non-protein in organic compounds and ions bound within the enzyme molecule
82
What are examples of cofactors?
Calcium, potassium, copper and iron
83
What are co enzymes?
Non-protein organic molecules that bind temporarily or permanently to enzyme near active site.
84
What are inhibitors?
Molecules which reduce enzyme activity
85
What are the type of inhibitors?
Competitive, non-competive, feedback and irreversible
86
What inhibitors compete for the ''active" site?
Competitive inhibitors
87
What inhibitor is penicillin and dissulfram cantabuse an example for and their uses?
Penicillin blocks enzyme bacteria used to build cell walls the and other is used to treat chronic alcoholism. They are both competitive inhibitors.
88
How can competitive inhibitors be overcome?
By increasing the substrate concentration, so the solutionis saturated by the substrate
89
What are non- competitive inhibitors?
Inhibitor that bind to sites other than the active site
90
Where does the allosteric inhibitor bind?
To an allosteric site
91
What causes a conformational change?
The allosteric inhibitor binding to an allosteric site so the active site would no longer be considered functional
92
What do cancer drugs do?.
They inhibit enzymes involved in DNA synthesis to stop DNA production as well as the division of more cancer cells
93
What are irreversible inhibitors?
This is when the inhibitor binds permanently to an enzyme
94
What type of inhibitor permanently changes the shape of the enzyme?
Irreversible inhibitors
95
What kind of inhibitor is cyanide and what does it do?
An irreversible inhibitor of the chromosome, stopping the production of ATP
96
What are feedback-inhibitors?
The end products of metabolic pathways that shuts it down
97
What do feedback inhibitors lead to?
Negative and positive feedback
98
What is negative feedback?
An accumulation of end product that slows the process that produces that product
99
What is the less common feedback?
positive Feedback
100
What is positive feedback?
Feedback that produces an end product which speeds up production

Biology: Cells And Molecules (22 decks)

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