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biology: cells and molecules > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Building of molecules

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2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Digestion of molecules

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3
Q

What is responsible for the activities of the cells?

A

Energy and enzymes

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4
Q

What activities are energy and enzymes responsible for in the cell?

A

Transport of millions of proteins and vesicles moving between organelles

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5
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work or cause change.

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6
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy stored in an object

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7
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Potential energy in a chemical reaction

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8
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy of an object in motion

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9
Q

How is energy measured?

A

In joules

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10
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but not created or destroyed

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11
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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12
Q

What is entropy?

A

Disorder of the universe

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13
Q

What is free energy?

A

The portion of a system’s energy that is available to do work

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14
Q

Why do systems tend to change spontaneously?

A

To meet a more stable State

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15
Q

What kinds of systems are rich in free energy that have the tendency to change to the opposite?

A

Unstable systems

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16
Q

What is the relationship with energy, stability and work capacity when there is a lot of free energy?

A

When there is more free energy, the system is less stable and work capacity is greater.

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17
Q

When there is less free energy, how does this affect the stability and work capacity?

A

There is more stability and less work capacity

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18
Q

What are exorgonic chemical reactions?

A

Chemical reactions that release energy

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19
Q

Whet kind of reaction is there a digestion of polymers? (Exo or endo)

A

Exorgonic

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20
Q

Is catabolism or anabolism involved in hydrolysis?

A

Catabolism

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21
Q

What kinds of chemical reactions are spontaneous with less organization and lower energy state?

A

Exorgonic

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22
Q

What reactions require an input of energy?

A

Endergonic

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23
Q

What kind of chemical reactions build polymers, have more organization and a higher energy state?

A

Endergonic

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24
Q

Is dehydration synthesis catabolism or anabolism?

A

Anabolism

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25
Q

What kind of reaction is cellular respiration?

A

Spontaneous

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26
Q

What kind of reaction is photosynthesis? (Sponanteous or not)

A

Non-spontaneous

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27
Q

What kind of systems are organisms?

A

Endorgonic

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28
Q

What do organisms need energy for?

A

Synthesis/building of biomolecules, reproduction, movement and active transport

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29
Q

What are the 3 main types of work done in the cell?

A

Mechanical chemical and transport

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30
Q

How do cells manage energy resources to do work?

A

By energy coupling

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31
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

Using an exorgonic process to drive an enclorgonic one

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32
Q

How are the bonds between phosphate groups broken?

A

Hydrolysis

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33
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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34
Q

What is the cell’s main energy source?

A

ATP

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35
Q

What is ATP made of?

A

Adenine, ribose and 3 phosphates

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36
Q

What kind of process is the addition of phosphates?.

A

Endorgonic

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37
Q

What happens when ATP is hydrolyzed?

A

It becomes ADP

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38
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

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39
Q

What are features of ADP?

A

Only a good short term energy storage, too reactive, transfers pi too easily

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40
Q

How do chemical reactions start?

A

Non-spontaneously with required energy like a spark

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41
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecule

42
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that can change the rate of a reaction without being altered in the process

43
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst made of protein and rRNAthat facilitates chemical reactions by increasing the rate of reaction without being consumed, reducing activation energy and without changing free energy

44
Q

What kind of enzymes build molecules and what kind break down molecules and what kind speed up reactions?

A

Synthesis enzymes build molecules ( anabolic )
digestion enzymes break down molecules (catabolic)
and catalysts speed up reactions

45
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The reactant that an enzyme acts on

46
Q

How do an enzyme form an enzyme substrate complex?

A

Enzymes bind to their substrates forming an enzyme substrate complex

47
Q

What is the active site?

A

Where the substrate binds

48
Q

What do enzymes have building affinity for?

A

Substrates and only bond specific things like functional groups

49
Q

What is the key to enzyme action?

A

Specificity

50
Q

What is the induced fit in an enzyme?

A

Enzyme fits snugly around substrates in a clasping handshake

51
Q

How are enzymes used in reactions?

A

Enzymes aren’t completely used up or changed by reactions. They are usually only used temporarily then re-used for the same reaction with other molecules

52
Q

How much enzyme is needed to help in reactions?

A

Very little

53
Q

Why do enzymes need to be certain shape?

A

Enzymes are specific helpers to specific reactions so they need the right shape for the job

54
Q

What does sucrase do?

A

Breaks down sucrose

55
Q

What does protease do?

A

Breaks down proteins

56
Q

What do lipases do?

A

Break down lipids

57
Q

What do DNA polymerases do?

A

Break down DNA

58
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

A pathway that has many steps which begin with a specific molecule and end with a product that is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

59
Q

What are biosynthetic pathways divided into?

A

Catabolic and anabolic pathways

60
Q

What do catabolic pathways do?

A

They release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

61
Q

What do anabolic pathways do?

A

They consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones like amino acids to form proteins

62
Q

What affects/denatures enzyme action?

A

Incorrect protein structure, temperature and ph

63
Q

What is the optimum temperature of enzymes?

A

In between 35°c to 40°c

64
Q

What is the relationship between the optimum temperature of enzymes and the number of collisions between enzymes and substrates?

A

When the enzymes is at the optimum temperature, there is the greatest number of collisions between enzymes and substrates

65
Q

What does raising the temperature above the optimum do to enzymes?

A

It denatures the enzyme

66
Q

What does lowering the optimum temperature do to enzymes?

A

It makes molecules slower with lower amount of collisions

67
Q

What does change in ph do to enzymes?

A

Denatures the enzyme and disturbs the hydrogen bonds since ph of most human enzymes are between 6-8

68
Q

What is the ph in pepsin?

A

3

69
Q

What is the ph in trypsin?

A

8

70
Q

What are the other factors that affect enzyme function?

A

Enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and salinity

71
Q

What happens as you increase the amount of enzymes?

A

The reaction rate increases as well

72
Q

What happens over some time as the enzyme is increased?

A

Eventually enzyme rate levels off as the substrate becomes the limiting factor

73
Q

Why do substrates become the limiting factor as enzyme concentration is increased?

A

The enzymes can’t always find the substrates

74
Q

What happens as you increase the substrate?

A

The reaction rate increases as the increased amount of substrate will collide more frequently with the enzyme

75
Q

When do reaction rates level off when the substrate concentration has increased?

A

When all enzymes have active sites engaged

76
Q

What does salinity describe?

A

The salt concentration of an enzyme

77
Q

What does changes in salinity do?

A

Add and removes cations and anions, disrupts the bonds , attractions between amino acids and denatures proteins

78
Q

What are enzymes intolerant of?

A

Extreme salinity

79
Q

What is an activator?

A

A compound that helps enzymes

80
Q

What are the types of activators?

A

Co factors and coenzymes

81
Q

What are cofactors?

A

non-protein in organic compounds and ions bound within the enzyme molecule

82
Q

What are examples of cofactors?

A

Calcium, potassium, copper and iron

83
Q

What are co enzymes?

A

Non-protein organic molecules that bind temporarily or permanently to enzyme near active site.

84
Q

What are inhibitors?

A

Molecules which reduce enzyme activity

85
Q

What are the type of inhibitors?

A

Competitive, non-competive, feedback and irreversible

86
Q

What inhibitors compete for the ‘‘active” site?

A

Competitive inhibitors

87
Q

What inhibitor is penicillin and dissulfram cantabuse an example for and their uses?

A

Penicillin blocks enzyme bacteria used to build cell walls the and other is used to treat chronic alcoholism. They are both competitive inhibitors.

88
Q

How can competitive inhibitors be overcome?

A

By increasing the substrate concentration, so the solutionis saturated by the substrate

89
Q

What are non- competitive inhibitors?

A

Inhibitor that bind to sites other than the active site

90
Q

Where does the allosteric inhibitor bind?

A

To an allosteric site

91
Q

What causes a conformational change?

A

The allosteric inhibitor binding to an allosteric site so the active site would no longer be considered functional

92
Q

What do cancer drugs do?.

A

They inhibit enzymes involved in DNA synthesis to stop DNA production as well as the division of more cancer cells

93
Q

What are irreversible inhibitors?

A

This is when the inhibitor binds permanently to an enzyme

94
Q

What type of inhibitor permanently changes the shape of the enzyme?

A

Irreversible inhibitors

95
Q

What kind of inhibitor is cyanide and what does it do?

A

An irreversible inhibitor of the chromosome, stopping the production of ATP

96
Q

What are feedback-inhibitors?

A

The end products of metabolic pathways that shuts it down

97
Q

What do feedback inhibitors lead to?

A

Negative and positive feedback

98
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

An accumulation of end product that slows the process that produces that product

99
Q

What is the less common feedback?

A

positive Feedback

100
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Feedback that produces an end product which speeds up production

biology: cells and molecules (22 decks)

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