Cellular Respiration Flashcards
What are the products and reactants for cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen yields carbon dioxide, water and energy
What are the 3 main steps in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, pyryvate processing and citric acid cycle
What are the end products of glycolysis?
ATP, NADH water and 2 pyruvates
What is needed to run glycolysis?
NAD +
What is glucose broken down to in the glycolysis stage?
This is the step where the glucose (6 -carbon compound) is broken down into two 3-carbon compounds
What is the problem with glycolysis?
It doesn’t make too much ATP, only 2 ATP is made from 1 glucose
Where does the making of ATP occur?
At the substrate phosphorylation level
What does phosphorylating use?
Enzymes called kinases
What needs to happen to the pyruvates?
They need to be oxidized
What needs to be released for pyruvate processing to occur?
Carbon dioxide
What does the oxidation of one pyruvate result in?
2 carbon molecules being fed into the citric acid cycle
What does fermentation do?
Regenerates NAD + in the absence of oxygen
What does the oxidation of one pyruvate result in?
2 carbon molecules being fed into the citric acid cycle
What does citrate do?
Shuts down/slows down glycolysis
What is the regulator used in the citric acid cycle called?
Citrate
What does the citric acid cycle produce for one pyruvate? eg. one turn
3 NADAH 2, one FADAH 2 and one ATP
How many times does the citric acid cycle have to process?
2 times
What does the citric acid cycle produce for every 2 turns?
Six NADAH 2, two FADAH 2 and 2 ATP
What starts the citric acid cycle?
Aceytl coa
What is the main goal of the citric acid cycle?
Making energy carriers
What is the final accepter of electrons in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen
What does H have to go through for the electron transport chain to occur?
ATP synthase
How much ATP is made during oxidative phosphorylation?
About 36 ATP is made
What is chemiosmosis?
When it goes from high H concentration to low H concentration
What is the electron transport chain?
Bouncing of electrons around
What would happen without fermentation?
Without fermentation, energy production would stop
What does kinase do?
Removes or adds phosphates
What do isomerases do?
Changes the arrangements of phosphates
What do dehydrogenases do?
Moves H ions to and from NADH and FADH
Does fermentation produce a large amount of ATP?
No
What kind of fermentation do animals undergo?
Lactic fermentation
What kind of fermentation do plants undergo?
Ethanol fermentation
What is acted on by 6- bisplosphate to create one of the two products of cellular respiration?
Aldolase
What is aldolase called?
A regulator
What product is created when energy is needed and enzymes are active?
G3P
What product is created when energy is not needed and enzymes are inactive?
DHAP
What happens to the citrate in the citric acid cycle and what does this inhibit?
The citrate is high and this inhibits phosphofructokinase
What enzyme exerts the most control on glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase
What does cellular respiration begin with?
Glycolysis
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol
What does fermentation allow?
Continued glycolysis
What happens after glycolysis and what does this produce?
Pyruvate processing which produces acetyl coa
What does pyruvate process yield coa for?
Citric acid cycle
What happens after the citric acid cycle?
The electron transport chain
What do glycolysis, pymvate processing and the citric acid cycle all produce?
NADH
What’s the ATP produced at the end of cellular respiration used for, what does this drive and what does this enable?
Phosphorylation of enzymes and substrates which drives energetic coupling enabling cellular work
What is the difference between oxidative and substrate phosphorylation?
In substrate phosphorylation, phosphate is added to ADP to make ATP using an enzyme but oxidative is when a phosphate is added to ADP to make ATP using a protein called ATP synthase
Where does the citric cycle take place?
In the mitochondrion
