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Bio 1020 > Mendel/Morgan > Flashcards

Mendel/Morgan Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Mendel discover?

A

The basic principle of heredity by breeding garden peas in a carefully planned experiment

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2
Q

What are the advantages of pea plants?

A
  • many varieties with distinct heritable features variants (called traits)
  • maturity of plants can be controlled
  • each plant has sperm and egg producing organs
  • cross pollination can be achieved
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3
Q

What is the P generation?

A

The true breeding parents of the first generation

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4
Q

What is the F1 generation?

A

Hybrid offspring from the P generation

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5
Q

When is the F2 generation produced?

A

When F1 individuals self pollinate

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6
Q

What did Mendel call a gene?

A

A heritable factor

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7
Q

What is the first law of segregation

A

3:1 ratio, with a dominant and recessive Alleles

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8
Q

What are the four related concepts in the first law of segregation?

A
  1. All alternative versions of genes account for variants
  2. For each character an organism inherits 2 Alleles, one from each parent
  3. Of the 2 Alleles at a locus differ, then one (dominant) determines the appearance, and the other (recessive) has no effect on appearance
  4. Now known as the law of segregation, states the 2 Alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
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9
Q

How many Alleles that are present in somatic cells of an organism to the sperm or egg get?

A

One of the 2

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10
Q

The segregation of Alleles corresponds to the distribution of what?

A

Homologous chromosomes to different gametes in meiosis

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11
Q

What’s the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype is the genetic makeup and phenotype is its physical appraearance

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12
Q

What’s a cross between heterozygote monohybrids called?

A

Monohybrid cross

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13
Q

What does the law of independent assortment state?

A

That each pair of Alleles segregated independently of each other pair of Alleles during gamete formation

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14
Q

What’s the difference between the first law of independent assortment and the second law of inheritance?

A

First focuses on one trait where second focuses on 2

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15
Q

What are the degrees of dominance?

A
  • complete dominance
  • incomplete dominance
  • codominance
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16
Q

What is complete dominance

A

Occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

17
Q

What is incomplete dominance

A

The phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the 2 parental varieties

18
Q

What is co dominance

A

2 dominant Alleles effect the phenotype in desperate distinguishable ways

19
Q

What are quantitative characters?

A

Those that vary in the population along continuum

20
Q

Quantitative variation usually indicates what?

A

Polygenic inheritance, an addictive affect of 2 or more genes on a single phenotype

21
Q

Which types of flys were mutant? Normal or wild?

A

Wild

22
Q

With some traits why do only males get it?

A

Because it has to be located on the Y chromosome. Females need 2’copies of the allele

23
Q

What is a gene located on either sex chromosome?

A

Sex linked gene (in humans usually on the X)

24
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes located on the same chromosomes that tend to be inherited together

25
Q

What is genetic recombination?

A

The production of offspring with combination of trait differing from either parent

26
Q

What are parental types?

A

Offspring with a phenotype matching one of the parents

27
Q

What’s s recombinant type/recombinant

A

Offspring with nonparental phenotypes (new combination of traits)

28
Q

What percentage of frequency is observed for any two genes on different chromosomes

A

50%

29
Q

What is crossing over

A

A process that breaks the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome

30
Q

What is the genetic map?

A

An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome

31
Q

What is a linkage map

A

A genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies

32
Q

How do the map units works

A

Distance between genes: one map unit=1%recombination frequency

33
Q

How do genes that are far apart of the same chromosome behave?

A

Physically linked but not genetically linked, act as on different chromosomes

34
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

Results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred

35
Q

What is nondisjunction

A

Pairs on homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis

36
Q

What is polyploidy? Triploidy?

A

A condition in which a organism has has more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes. Triploidy is 3 sets

37
Q

Polyploidy is common in what?

A

Plants

38
Q

What are the four types of changes in chromosome structure that come from breakage of the chromosome

A
  • deletion-removes chromosome segment
  • duplication-repeats a segment
  • inversion-reverses segment
  • reciprocal translocation- crossing of the sex chromosomes

Bio 1020 (21 decks)

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