Lecture 9 Flashcards
What makes proteins for the mitochondrion?
Ribosomes in the matrix
What are cristae?
Enzymes on the inner membrane that increase surface area for the enzymes
Whats the difference between red and white muscle in relation to mitochondria?
Red- has many mitochondria and steady oxygen consumption
White -fewer mitochondria and has burst activity that doesn’t use oxygen
What is the thylakoid membrane?
Flattened connected sacs to form grana
What is stroma
Fluid outside thylakoids, contains DNA and ribosomes
What are the steps of the endosymbiotic theory
- Formation of nucleus and endomembranes
- Mitochondria from aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote
- Chloroplast from photosynthetic prokaryote
- Aerial endosymbiosis to form photosynthetic prokaryote
Describe the formation of the nucleus and endomemebranes
Unfolding of the plasma membrane to for nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Describe mitochondria from aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote
- Cell engulfs an aerobic prokaryote
- host is able to using rising oxygen as a benefit in metabolism
Describe chloroplast from photosynthetic prokaryote
Host uses nutrients from photosynthesis of the endosymbiont
What is he cytoskeleton and what does it do?
- Network of fibres extending through the cytosol
- supports cell and maintains shape
- regulates biochemical activities
- anchors many organelles in eukaryotes
- present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
What are microfilaments?
Thinnest of cytoskeleton fibres, thin solid rods that can resist tension, important in shape and movement processes
What are intermediate filaments?
Middle thickness of cytoskeleton fibres, often in permanent/semipermanent structures in the cell in some animals, involved in fixing shape or positions
What are microtubules
Thickest if cytoskeleton fibres, homie tubes, often involved with movement of cell or organelles
What are cilia and flagella
Both are specialized for beating, move the cell
What are extracellular structures
- Materials that are external to the plasma membrane: cell wall, extracellular matrix, capsule
- synthesized and secreted by cell
- functions: protection, signaling, connect cells of tissues
What are the functions of cell walls?
- synthesized by the cell
- protects cell, and maintains shape
- prevents excessive uptake of water
What are cell walls made of
- Peptidoglycan: polymer of sugars cross linked by peptides
- cellulose micro fibers embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides and protein
What’s the difference between and primary cell wall and a secondary cell wall?
- primary: secreted first in a young plant; realistically thin and flexible
- secondary: located between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall in some, string and durable
What is plamsodesmata
When cytoplasm of one cell is continuous with another through small strands that water, small solutes, and some proteins can pass through
(Along cytoskeleton)
What are the components of animals extracellular matrix (ecm)
- fibres and fluids (extracellular fluid)
- fibronectins attached to integrins
- collagens/ major protein, embedded in proteoglycans
- proteoglycans- proteins + carbohydrates
What is endosymbiosis
Endo-inside
Symbiosis -relationship between two organisms
-one organism live inside another
How do mitochondria and chloroplasts relate to endosymbiosis?
Prokaryotes (mitochondria)(chloroplasts) taken up by another cell and were not prokaryotes anymore
