Lecture 9

Question 1

What makes proteins for the mitochondrion?

Answer 1

Ribosomes in the matrix

Question 2

What are cristae?

Answer 2

Enzymes on the inner membrane that increase surface area for the enzymes

Question 3

Whats the difference between red and white muscle in relation to mitochondria?

Answer 3

Red- has many mitochondria and steady oxygen consumption

White -fewer mitochondria and has burst activity that doesn’t use oxygen

Question 4

What is the thylakoid membrane?

Answer 4

Flattened connected sacs to form grana

Question 5

What is stroma

Answer 5

Fluid outside thylakoids, contains DNA and ribosomes

Question 6

What are the steps of the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 6

1. Formation of nucleus and endomembranes
2. Mitochondria from aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote
3. Chloroplast from photosynthetic prokaryote
4. Aerial endosymbiosis to form photosynthetic prokaryote

Question 7

Describe the formation of the nucleus and endomemebranes

Answer 7

Unfolding of the plasma membrane to for nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 8

Describe mitochondria from aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote

Answer 8

• Cell engulfs an aerobic prokaryote

- host is able to using rising oxygen as a benefit in metabolism

Question 9

Describe chloroplast from photosynthetic prokaryote

Answer 9

Host uses nutrients from photosynthesis of the endosymbiont

Question 10

What is he cytoskeleton and what does it do?

Answer 10

• Network of fibres extending through the cytosol
• supports cell and maintains shape
• regulates biochemical activities
• anchors many organelles in eukaryotes
• present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 11

What are microfilaments?

Answer 11

Thinnest of cytoskeleton fibres, thin solid rods that can resist tension, important in shape and movement processes

Question 12

What are intermediate filaments?

Answer 12

Middle thickness of cytoskeleton fibres, often in permanent/semipermanent structures in the cell in some animals, involved in fixing shape or positions

Question 13

What are microtubules

Answer 13

Thickest if cytoskeleton fibres, homie tubes, often involved with movement of cell or organelles

Question 14

What are cilia and flagella

Answer 14

Both are specialized for beating, move the cell

Question 15

What are extracellular structures

Answer 15

• Materials that are external to the plasma membrane: cell wall, extracellular matrix, capsule
• synthesized and secreted by cell
• functions: protection, signaling, connect cells of tissues

Question 16

What are the functions of cell walls?

Answer 16

• synthesized by the cell
• protects cell, and maintains shape
• prevents excessive uptake of water

Question 17

What are cell walls made of

Answer 17

• Peptidoglycan: polymer of sugars cross linked by peptides

- cellulose micro fibers embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides and protein

Question 18

What’s the difference between and primary cell wall and a secondary cell wall?

Answer 18

• primary: secreted first in a young plant; realistically thin and flexible
• secondary: located between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall in some, string and durable

Question 19

What is plamsodesmata

Answer 19

When cytoplasm of one cell is continuous with another through small strands that water, small solutes, and some proteins can pass through
(Along cytoskeleton)

Question 20

What are the components of animals extracellular matrix (ecm)

Answer 20

• fibres and fluids (extracellular fluid)
• fibronectins attached to integrins
• collagens/ major protein, embedded in proteoglycans
• proteoglycans- proteins + carbohydrates

Question 21

What is endosymbiosis

Answer 21

Endo-inside
Symbiosis -relationship between two organisms
-one organism live inside another

Question 22

How do mitochondria and chloroplasts relate to endosymbiosis?

Answer 22

Prokaryotes (mitochondria)(chloroplasts) taken up by another cell and were not prokaryotes anymore