Lecture 8

Question 1

How big is the nucleus of eukaryotes?

Answer 1

~5 um in diameter

Question 2

What is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 2

It has double membrane that encloses the nucleus

Question 3

What is the nuclear lamina?

Answer 3

Network of proteins on the inside face of the nucleus that maintain the shape

Question 4

What are nuclear pores?

Answer 4

An area in the nucleus that material (proteins, RNA) enter and leave the nucleus through

Question 5

What is chromatin?

Answer 5

DNA (in chromosomes) is bundled with proteins in a compact form

Question 6

What is Nucleolus?

Answer 6

During interphase, ribosomal RNA and proteins form dense granules

Question 7

Where are ribosomes located?

Answer 7

• in the cytosine of prokaryotes (free)

- in the cytosol and attached to the internal membranes of eukaryotes (bound)

Question 8

What are ribosomes made of

Answer 8

Composed of proteins and rRNA made in the nucleus, large and small prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 9

What do free/ bound ribosomes do

Answer 9

• free - make cytosolic proteins

- bound- make protein that’s are inserted into membranes

Question 10

What is the eukaryotic endomembrane system? And what are the components

Answer 10

• Membranes within the cell, continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
• 50%of total membrane
• nuclear envelope
• endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• vesicles and vacuoles
• lysosomes

Question 11

What are smooth rough and lumen. In the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 11

Lumen- space inside
Smooth lacks ribosomes
Rough has ribosomes

Question 12

What are the functions of smooth ER

Answer 12

Synthesize lipids
Metabolizes carbs
Detoxifies poison
Stores calcium

Question 13

What are the functions of rough ER

Answer 13

Modifies proteins
Distributes transport vesicles
Produces membranes

Question 14

What are cisternae in the Golgi apparatus

Answer 14

Flattened membranous sacs

Question 15

What does then Golgi apparatus do

Answer 15

• Modifies products of the ER
• manufactures macromolecules
• encloses materials in transport vesicles

Question 16

What are vacuoles?

Answer 16

-Vesicles from the plasma membrane, ER, or Golgi

Question 17

What do central vacuoles do in many mature plant cells?

Answer 17

Hold organic compounds and water

Question 18

What forms food vacuoles?

Answer 18

Phagocytosis

Question 19

What is a lysosome?

Answer 19

• Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (low PH)

- joins vacuoles, digests macromolecules

Question 20

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 20

Cell engulfs and digests material that was outside cell

Question 21

What is autophagy?

Answer 21

Cell digests and recycles own organelles and macromolecules within cell

Question 22

What is a peroxisome and what does it do

Answer 22

• single membrane

- breaks down fatty acids, detoxification

Question 23

What do glyoxysomes in plant seeds do?

Answer 23

Covert fatty acids into sugar

Question 24

mitochondria has how many membranes?

Answer 24

2, smooth outer and folded inner called cristae

Question 25

What does the inner membrane in a mitochondria separate?

Answer 25

Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

Question 26

What makes proteins in the matrix for the mitochondrion

Answer 26

Free ribosomes

Question 27

Describe membrane protein production

Answer 27

-protein is synthesized by bound ribosomes attached to ER, then proteins enter ER through the a pore, start to fold into shapes, protein then wrapped in ER membrane, that becomes a transport vesicle, vesicle moves and joins Golgi then something else but half the word are missing lol