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MCAT Psych/Soc > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Information Processing Model

A

We process information like computers do. We receive input, process it, and then output a decision. It’s a bottom-up process

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2
Q

Iconic memory

A

Temporary visual sensory memory that lasts half a second

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3
Q

Echoic memory

A

Temporary auditory sensory memory that lasts 2-4 seconds

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4
Q

Sensory Memory

A

A temporary memory that registers all of the senses you are taking in

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5
Q

Working Memory

A

Memory regarding things you are thinking about at the moment; the sensory memory that is processed and stored while it is given attention. It’s capacity is 7 plus/minus 2

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6
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

The tendency to recall the first (primacy effect) and last (recency effect) few items of a series or list

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7
Q

Phonological loop

A

Processes verbal information in working memory

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8
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Processes visual + spatial information

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9
Q

Central Executive

A

Coordinates between the phonological loop and Visuospatial sketchpad for the processing of verbal and visual information simultaneously in working memory

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10
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

A buffer that stores information and acts as a connector for that information to be stored in long term memory

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11
Q

Dual Coding Hypothesis

A

It is easier to remember words associated with images than either of them alone

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12
Q

Method of Loci

A

Associating each item to be remembered with a location along a route that has already been memorized

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13
Q

Long Term Memory

A

A type of memory that is limitless in terms of capacity and longevity of knowledge

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14
Q

Declarative/Explicit Memory

A

A type of long term memory that has to do with the recall of facts that can be easily described. Usually conscious

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15
Q

Semantic Memory

A

A type of explicit memory that has to do with language and words (still facts)

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16
Q

Episodic Memory

A

A type of explicit memory that has to do with life events

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17
Q

Implicit Memory

A

A type of long term memory that has to do with things not usually articulated; previous experience aides in performing tasks. Usually unconscious

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18
Q

Procedural memory

A

A type of implicit memory that controls habits

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19
Q

Priming

A

An implicit memory effect where previous experiences influence the response to a later stimulus

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20
Q

Semantic Network

A

A brain mapping network where concepts are linked together based on similar meaning

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21
Q

Spreading Activation

A

The unconscious activation of nodes in a semantic network that are linked to a node that is consciously activated

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22
Q

Encoding

A

The transfer of sensory information into memory

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23
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

Memory that consists of a combination of semantic and episodic memories

24
Q

Rote Rehearsal

A

Repeating the thing to be encoded over and over again. Least effective

25
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

A form of rehearsal where information is associated to knowledge already in long-term memory

26
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping information into meaningful categories

27
Q

Mnemonics

A

Vivid organization of information into stuff already known

28
Q

Peg-Word System

A

A type of mnemonic that associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble that number (ex. 3 rhymes with tree. A broccoli looks like a tree)

29
Q

Self-reference Effect

A

We encode and recall information better when we put the information in context of our own lives

30
Q

Spacing

A

Spreading out the memorization or encoding of information into shorter periods

31
Q

Retrieval

A

Trying to bring from memory something previously encoded into working memory

32
Q

Context effects

A

Memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place

33
Q

State-dependent memory

A

Memory is aided by being in the same mental or psychological state when encoding took place

34
Q

Relearning

A

Learning material again that was encoded to long term memory but wasn’t available for recall

35
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying information that was previously learned

36
Q

Recall

A

Trying to pull something out of memory

37
Q

False memory/information

A

Inaccurate recall or recollection of information

38
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Misleading recall cues (like leading questions) can lead to inaccurate recollections

39
Q

Source Monitoring Error

A

Error when the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to a specific recollected experience

40
Q

Source amnesia

A

A condition where someone can remember the details of an event or a piece of information but will not remember the source

41
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Highly vivid memories about emotionally arousing events; people claim to remember every little detail, but they are usually susceptible to memory reconstruction errors

42
Q

Memory confabulation

A

The filling in the gaps of memories so much so that our memories of an event gradually change drastically

43
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

The strengthening of a synapse due to the repeated stimulation by the presynaptic nerve cell, facilitating future recall

44
Q

Decay

A

When we don’t recall information for a while, connections become weaker and we can’t recall it as well

45
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

German psychologist who found the decay curve – most decay occurs in the first few days, but after that it levels out.

46
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

New information interferes with previously encoded information

47
Q

Proactive interference

A

Previously encoded information interferes with new information

48
Q

Types of memory that are stable with aging

A

Implicit memory and recognition

49
Q

Types of memory that improve with aging

A

Semantic memories and emotional reasoning; recalling episodic memories

50
Q

Types of memory that decline with aging

A

New episodic memories, recall, and prospective memories

51
Q

Dementia

A

A loss of memory and cognitive function that interferes with daily life

52
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Most common form of dementia; a degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to the loss of acetylcholine in neurons. Characterized by a buildup of ß-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

53
Q

Koraskoff’s Syndrome

A

A form of memory loss related to thiamine deficiency. Symptoms include retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia

54
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of previously formed memories

55
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to create new memories

56
Q

Wernicke’s Encephalopathy

A

A condition that is a precursor to Koraskoff’s Syndrome, usually due to brain damage resulting in problems with balance, memory, and eye movement, alongside with confusion. Can be treated and reversed

57
Q

Agnosia

A

The loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds

MCAT Psych/Soc (31 decks)

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