Cognition

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

How the brain processes and reacts to information presented by the world

Question 2

Cognitive Development

Answer 2

Development of one’s ability to think and solve problems across a lifespan

Question 3

Schema

Answer 3

Mental blueprint of the world

Question 4

Adaptation

Answer 4

The processing of new information into different schemata

Question 5

Assimilation

Answer 5

The process of classifying new information into different schemata

Question 6

Accommodation

Answer 6

The process of modifying existing schemata to encompass new information

Question 7

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive development

Answer 7

Piaget insisted that there are qualitative differences between how children and adults thing. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Question 8

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 8

First of Piaget’s stages. 0-2 years old. Taking in sensory information and moving about.

Question 9

Object Permanence

Answer 9

The concept of an object existing even if you can’t see it. Develops at the end of the sensorimotor stage

Question 10

Preoperational stage

Answer 10

Second of Piaget’s stages. 2-7 years old. Children start to use representational thought and symbolic thinking

Question 11

Representational Thought

Answer 11

Creating mental representations of external objects and events. Develops at the end of the sensorimotor stage

Question 12

Symbolic thinking

Answer 12

The ability to use symbols for meaning, play make-believe, pretend, and have an imagination

Question 13

Centration

Answer 13

The tendency to only focus on one aspect of a phenomenon. Lasts until concrete operational stage

Question 14

Egocentricism

Answer 14

The inability to understand the point of view of others

Question 15

Concrete Operational stage

Answer 15

Third of Piaget’s stages. 7-11 years old. Egocentricism vanishes and conservation is understood. Children are able to grasp real events logically, use empathy, and use math skills

Question 16

Formal Operational stage

Answer 16

Fourth of Piaget’s stages. 11+ years old. Abstract thinking and problem-solving begin. Moral reasoning develops

Question 17

Delirium

Answer 17

Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused my medical (biological) causes

Question 18

Problem-solving

Answer 18

The process of moving from a current state to a “goal” state

Question 19

Mental set

Answer 19

The tendency to approach similar problems similarly

Question 20

Functional fixedness

Answer 20

The inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

Question 21

Trial and error

Answer 21

A problem-solving strategy of trying various solutions until one works

Question 22

Algorithm

Answer 22

A formula or logical procedure of solving a certain type of problem

Question 23

Heuristic

Answer 23

Simplified principles/shortcuts used to find solutions quicker, usually by focusing on a category fo solutions

Question 24

Means-end analysis

Answer 24

A heuristic of analyzing the problem and breaking it down into smaller problems and then solving the subproblem that has the most difference between the current state and the goal state

Question 25

Working backwards

Answer 25

A heuristic of beginning with the goal state and suggesting connections to the current state

Question 26

Intuition

Answer 26

Relying on instinct or previous knowledge without any available evidence; often developed by experience

Question 27

Recognition-primed Decision Model

Answer 27

A type of intuition where the brain sorts through a wide variety of information to match a pattern

Question 28

Inductive reasoning

Answer 28

Creating a conclusion or theory based off of generalizations beginning with specific instances. A bottom-up process

Question 29

Deductive reasoning

Answer 29

Beginning from a set of general rules and drawing conclusion from the information given

Question 30

Fixation

Answer 30

Being stuck on a wrong approach

Question 31

Type 1 error

Answer 31

False positive

Question 32

Type 2 error

Answer 32

False negative

Question 33

Availability heuristic

Answer 33

Deciding how likely something is using examples that come to mind from actual memories

Question 34

Representative heuristic

Answer 34

Categorizing items based on a previously conceived prototype

Question 35

Conjunction fallacy

Answer 35

The fallacy of assuming that the co-occurrence of two instances is more likely than either instance alone

Question 36

Base rate fallacy

Answer 36

Using a prototype or a stereotype to make decisions while ignoring actual numbers

Question 37

Overconfidence

Answer 37

Erroneous interpretation of one's abilities and beliefs as infallible

Question 38

Belief perseverance

Answer 38

The inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to reject it

Question 39

Confirmation bias

Answer 39

Seeking facts or evidence that supports our beliefs over others

Question 40

Framing effects

Answer 40

The way a problem is framed can affect the decisions one makes

Question 41

Intelligence

Answer 41

A mental quality that allows you to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to different situations

Question 42

G factor

Answer 42

A general intelligence factor that supposedly affects abilities in different academic forms of intelligence

Question 43

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Answer 43

A measure of general intelligence, taking the ratio if mental age over chronological age. It is tested by the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

Question 44

Emotional intelligence

Answer 44

The ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions in interactions with others

Question 45

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 45

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

Question 46

Fluid intelligence

Answer 46

The ability to reason quickly and abstractly

Question 47

Fixed Mindset

Answer 47

The mindset that intelligence is inherited, biologically set, and unchangeable

Question 48

Growth Mindset

Answer 48

The mindset that intelligence is changeable and can grow if you learn more

Question 49

Mental age

Answer 49

Binet's idea of how a person intellectually performs compared to intellectual performance of a physical age group

Question 50

Theory of General Intelligence

Answer 50

By Charles Spearman; There is a single g factor that underlies performance in all cognitive tasks. Most supported by research

Question 51

Theory of Hereditary Genius

Answer 51

By Galton; intelligence is hereditary

Question 52

Theory of Primary Mental Abilities

Answer 52

By L.L. Thurnstone; there are 7 factors of intelligence. These are: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory. These are primary mental abilities that all factor into intelligence

Question 53

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Answer 53

By Howard Gardner; There are 9 different intelligences: logical-mathematical, verbal-linguistic, spatial-visual, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, naturalist, and existential. No support by research

Question 54

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Answer 54

By Robert Sternberg; there are 3 independent types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical