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MCAT Psych/Soc > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

How the brain processes and reacts to information presented by the world

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2
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Development of one’s ability to think and solve problems across a lifespan

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3
Q

Schema

A

Mental blueprint of the world

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4
Q

Adaptation

A

The processing of new information into different schemata

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5
Q

Assimilation

A

The process of classifying new information into different schemata

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6
Q

Accommodation

A

The process of modifying existing schemata to encompass new information

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7
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive development

A

Piaget insisted that there are qualitative differences between how children and adults thing. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

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8
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

First of Piaget’s stages. 0-2 years old. Taking in sensory information and moving about.

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9
Q

Object Permanence

A

The concept of an object existing even if you can’t see it. Develops at the end of the sensorimotor stage

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10
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Second of Piaget’s stages. 2-7 years old. Children start to use representational thought and symbolic thinking

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11
Q

Representational Thought

A

Creating mental representations of external objects and events. Develops at the end of the sensorimotor stage

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12
Q

Symbolic thinking

A

The ability to use symbols for meaning, play make-believe, pretend, and have an imagination

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13
Q

Centration

A

The tendency to only focus on one aspect of a phenomenon. Lasts until concrete operational stage

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14
Q

Egocentricism

A

The inability to understand the point of view of others

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15
Q

Concrete Operational stage

A

Third of Piaget’s stages. 7-11 years old. Egocentricism vanishes and conservation is understood. Children are able to grasp real events logically, use empathy, and use math skills

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16
Q

Formal Operational stage

A

Fourth of Piaget’s stages. 11+ years old. Abstract thinking and problem-solving begin. Moral reasoning develops

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17
Q

Delirium

A

Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused my medical (biological) causes

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18
Q

Problem-solving

A

The process of moving from a current state to a “goal” state

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19
Q

Mental set

A

The tendency to approach similar problems similarly

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20
Q

Functional fixedness

A

The inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

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21
Q

Trial and error

A

A problem-solving strategy of trying various solutions until one works

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22
Q

Algorithm

A

A formula or logical procedure of solving a certain type of problem

23
Q

Heuristic

A

Simplified principles/shortcuts used to find solutions quicker, usually by focusing on a category fo solutions

24
Q

Means-end analysis

A

A heuristic of analyzing the problem and breaking it down into smaller problems and then solving the subproblem that has the most difference between the current state and the goal state

25
Q

Working backwards

A

A heuristic of beginning with the goal state and suggesting connections to the current state

26
Q

Intuition

A

Relying on instinct or previous knowledge without any available evidence; often developed by experience

27
Q

Recognition-primed Decision Model

A

A type of intuition where the brain sorts through a wide variety of information to match a pattern

28
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Creating a conclusion or theory based off of generalizations beginning with specific instances. A bottom-up process

29
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Beginning from a set of general rules and drawing conclusion from the information given

30
Q

Fixation

A

Being stuck on a wrong approach

31
Q

Type 1 error

A

False positive

32
Q

Type 2 error

A

False negative

33
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Deciding how likely something is using examples that come to mind from actual memories

34
Q

Representative heuristic

A

Categorizing items based on a previously conceived prototype

35
Q

Conjunction fallacy

A

The fallacy of assuming that the co-occurrence of two instances is more likely than either instance alone

36
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

Using a prototype or a stereotype to make decisions while ignoring actual numbers

37
Q

Overconfidence

A

Erroneous interpretation of one’s abilities and beliefs as infallible

38
Q

Belief perseverance

A

The inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to reject it

39
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Seeking facts or evidence that supports our beliefs over others

40
Q

Framing effects

A

The way a problem is framed can affect the decisions one makes

41
Q

Intelligence

A

A mental quality that allows you to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to different situations

42
Q

G factor

A

A general intelligence factor that supposedly affects abilities in different academic forms of intelligence

43
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

A measure of general intelligence, taking the ratio if mental age over chronological age. It is tested by the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

44
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

The ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions in interactions with others

45
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

46
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

The ability to reason quickly and abstractly

47
Q

Fixed Mindset

A

The mindset that intelligence is inherited, biologically set, and unchangeable

48
Q

Growth Mindset

A

The mindset that intelligence is changeable and can grow if you learn more

49
Q

Mental age

A

Binet’s idea of how a person intellectually performs compared to intellectual performance of a physical age group

50
Q

Theory of General Intelligence

A

By Charles Spearman; There is a single g factor that underlies performance in all cognitive tasks. Most supported by research

51
Q

Theory of Hereditary Genius

A

By Galton; intelligence is hereditary

52
Q

Theory of Primary Mental Abilities

A

By L.L. Thurnstone; there are 7 factors of intelligence. These are: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory. These are primary mental abilities that all factor into intelligence

53
Q

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A

By Howard Gardner; There are 9 different intelligences: logical-mathematical, verbal-linguistic, spatial-visual, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, naturalist, and existential. No support by research

54
Q

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

A

By Robert Sternberg; there are 3 independent types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical

MCAT Psych/Soc (31 decks)

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