Medicines Flashcards
Active immunisation
Preventative method
- Most widespread form to control diseases and prevent economic loss
- Drawback: Coexistence with the virus
- Most vaccines do not prevent infection
Types of vaccine
- Monovalent
- Polyvalent
Live virus vaccines
- Virulent (wild type) virus vaccines
- Attenuated vaccines
Attenuated vaccines
- Naturally occurring mutants
- Artificially attenuated viruses
- Heterotypic vaccines
- Virus-vectored vaccines
Naturally occurring mutant example
Newcastle disease
Artificially attenuated viruses
- Serial passages
- Selection of thermo-sensitive mutants
- Genetic modification (Deletion mutants)
- Marker, DIVA vaccines
Heterotypic vaccines
- Marek’s disease
- Smallpox
Virus-vectored vaccines
Introduction of antigens into pathogenic viruses
Inactivated vaccines
- The virus cannot multiply
- Inactivating agents
- Adjuvants
- Boostering is necessary
Inactivating agents
- Formaldehyde
- BPL
Adjuvants
- Slow antigen release, depo-effect
- Immunostimulation
- Saponine
Route of administration:
- Live
- Inactivated
- Live: Natural/injection
- Inactivated: Injection
Cost of virus dose:
- Live
- Inactivated
Live: Low
Inactivated: High
Number of doses:
- Live
- Inactivated
Live: Single
Inactivated: Multiple
Need of adjuvant?:
- Live
- Inactivated
Live: No
Inactivated: Yes
Duration of immunity:
- Live
- Inactivated
Live: Longer
Inactivated: Shorter
Antibody response:
- Live
- Inactivated
Live: IgG, IgA
Inactivated: IgG
Cell-mediated response:
- Live
- Inactivated
Live: Good
Inactivated: Poor
Heat instability in tropics:
- Live
- Inactivated
Live: Yes
Inactivated: No
Interference:
- Live
- Inactivated
Live: Occasional
Inactivated: No
Side effects:
- Live
- Inactivated
Live: Occasional
Inactivated: No
Reversion to virulence:
- Live
- Inactivated
Live: Possible
Inactivated: No
Contamination:
- Live
- Inactivated
Live: Possible
Inactivated: No
Subunit vaccines
Contains only proteins responsible for neutralisation
Production of subunit vaccines
- Purification after traditional virus production
- Purification of proteins produced by GM bacteria/cells
- Synthesis
Advantages of subunit vaccines
- Safe
- Opportunity for differentiation
- Good efficiency
Disadvantages of subunit vaccines
- Expensive
- Only parenteral administration
- In vivo usually weaker immune response
Anti-idiotype vaccines
- Epitope + paratope groups
- Lock + key theory
- Absolutely safe vaccines
Anti-idiotype vaccine production
- Animal species ‘A’ immunised with viral antigen
- Anti-viral IgG ‘A’ is purified
- Animal species ‘B’ is immunised with antiviral IgG ‘A’
- Anti-(IgG ‘A’) IgG ‘B’ is purified
- Fab of IgG ‘B’ → Viral antigen (Usually with monoclonal antibodies)
