Med Term Chapter 10 Flashcards
Nervous System
1
Q
What is at the center of the nervous system?
A
the brain
2
Q
What is the responsibility of the nervous system?
A
to control and coordinate all bodily activities
3
Q
What are the two primary parts of the nervous system?
A
the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
4
Q
What does the central nervous system consist of?
A
the brain and spinal cord
5
Q
How many pairs of peripheral nerves are there in the peripheral nervous system?
A
31
6
Q
What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?
A
to transmit nerve signals to and from the central nervous system
7
Q
What is one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with the rest of the body?
A
a nerve
8
Q
What is a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord?
A
a tract
9
Q
What type of nerves carry nerve impulses toward the brain?
A
ascending nerve tracts
10
Q
What type of nerves carry nerve impulses away from the brain?
A
descending nerve tracts
11
Q
What is the nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve?
A
a ganglion
12
Q
What is a network of intersecting spinal nerves?
A
a plexus
13
Q
What is a stimulus?
A
anything that excites a nerve and causes an impulse
14
Q
What is a wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons?
A
an impulse
15
Q
What are the automatic, involuntary responses to some change, either inside or outside the body?
A
reflexes
16
Q
What are the basic cells of the nervous system called?
A
neurons
17
Q
Approximately how many neurons does the body have?
A
billions
18
Q
What are afferent neurons also known as?
A
sensory neurons
19
Q
What are connecting neurons also known as?
A
associative neurons
20
Q
How do neurons carry nerve impulses throughout the body?
A
via electrochemical processes
21
Q
What is the process of creating patterns of neuron electrical activity known as?
A
brain waves
22
Q
What are efferent neurons also known as?
A
motor neurons
23
Q
What are the root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body?
A
dendrites
24
Q
What is the structure that extends out from the cell body?
A
a process
25
What is the process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell?
an axon
26
What are the branching fibers at the end of the axon that leads the nerve impulse from the axon to the synapse?
terminal end fibers
27
What is a synapse?
the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ
28
Where is acetylcholine released?
at some synapses in the spinal cord and at the neuromuscular junctions
29
Around how many known neurotransmitters are there?
200 to 300
30
What is a neurotransmitter?
chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor
31
What gland produces Norepinephrine?
the adrenal glands
32
What does serotonin play roles in?
sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition
33
What is the myelin sheaths made of?
glial cells
34
The portion of nerve fibers that are unmyelinated are known as?
gray matter
35
How many layers of connective tissue are found in the meninges?
three
36
What is the name for the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges?
dura mater
37
What does the arachnoid membrane resemble?
a spider web
38
Where is the subarachnoid space located?
below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater
39
What is the name for the third layer of the meninges?
the pia mater
40
What is cerebrospinal fluid also known as?
spinal fluid
41
How many lobes does the cerebrum consist of?
four
42
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
control vital bodily functions
43
What is the function of the cerebellum?
coordinate muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements
44
What does the brain stem consist of?
the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
45
What is the largest portion of the brain?
the cerebrum
46
What is the name for the fissures of the cerebral cortex?
sulci
47
Which lobe of the brain controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior?
the frontal lobe
48
Which part of the brain produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs?
the thalamus
49
Where is the cerebrum located?
at the back of the head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum
50
What does the medulla oblongata control?
basic survival functions and reflexes
51
What serves as the pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain?
the spinal cord
52
Which nerve fibers carry instructions to the organs and glands from mthe autonomic nervous system?
autonomic nerve fibers
53
Which nerve fibers convey information that control the body's voluntary muscular movements?
somatic nerve fibers
54
How many pairs of cranial nerves originate from under the surface of the brain
12
55
Which types of nerves prepares the body for emergencies and stress?
sympathetic nerves
56
Who is the physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery?
anesthesiologist
57
Who is the physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system?
neurologist
58
What is cephalalgia commonly known as?
a headache
59
Cluster headaches primarily affect which gender?
males
60
What is the congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull?
encephalocele
61
What is the condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates int he ventricles of the brain?
hydrocephalus
62
What form of dementia is caused by a stroke or other restriction of the blood flow to the brain?
vascular dementia
63
What is Reye's syndrome characterized by?
vomiting and confusion
64
What is the leading form of dementia?
Alzhiemer's disease
65
What is Parkinson's disease characterized by?
fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow, or shuffling gait
66
Who is Lewy Body Dementia named after?
Neurologist Fredric Lewy
67
WHat is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) also known as?
Lou Gehrig's disease
68
What disease is characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences?
amnesia
69
When is someone considered brain dead?
when the brain has ceased functioning
70
What is the acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations?
delirium
71
What are strokes properly known as?
cerebrovascular accidents
72
What is the most common type of stroke in older people?
ischemic strokes
73
What are the two types of ischemic strokes?
thrombotic, and embolic
74
What are Transient Ischemic Attacks sometimes referred to as?
mini-strokes
75
What is the loss of the ability to speak, write, or comprehend a written or spoken word?
aphasia
76
What is a localized, weak balloon-like enlargement of an artery wall?
an aneurysm
77
When do hemorrhagic strokes occur?
when a blood vessel in the brain leaks
78
What disorder consists of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day?
narcolepsy
79
What is the inflammation of the spinal cord?
meylitis
80
What is the highly contagious viral infection of the brain stem and spinal cord that can lead to paralysis and has no known cure?
poliomyelitis
81
What autoimmune disorder is characterized by inflammation which causes demyelination of the myelin sheath?
multiple sclerosis
82
What is the temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerves that causes paralysis of the face?
Bell's palsy
83
What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome also known as?
infectious polynueritis
84
What is the inflammation for the fifth cranial nerve known as?
trigeminal neuralgia
85
Who does cerebral palsy occur most frequently in?
in premature or low-birth-weight infants
86
What are absence seizures often described as?
staring episodes
87
What is the persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve?
causalgia
88
What is the use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes?
echoencephalography
89
What is the name of the resulting record from an electroencephalography?
an electroencephalogram (EEG)
90
What is the radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture?
spinal tap
91
What medication depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep?
a hypnotic
92
What class of drugs has the major actio nrpoducing a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system?
barbituates
93
What is the absence of normal sensations, especially sensitivity to pain?
anesthesia
94
What neurological procedure is used in the treatment of dystonia, tremors, and Parkinson's disease?
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
95
Why is a thalamotomy primarily performed?
to quiet the tremors of parkinson's disease
96
What mental condition is characterized by excessive, irrational dread of situations, in which fear is out of proportion to the real danger?
anxiety disorders
97
What is the excessive fear of heights?
acrophobia
98
What is the excessive fear of social situations where the person fears negative evaluation?
social anxiety disorder
99
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) characterized by?
recurrent obsessions and or compulsions
100
What is the diagnosis of significant below average intellectual and adaptive functioning present form birth or early infancy?
intellectual disability
101
What disorder is characterized by an abnormally elevated mood of euphoria?
manic behavior
102
WHat is persistent depressive disorder also known as?
dysthymia
103
What does DMDD stand for?
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
104
What bout of depression is associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during he winter?
seasonal depression
105
What disorder leads to an intense fear of gaining weight and inability to maintain a healthy body?
anorexia nervosa
106
What is Borderline Personality Disorder mainly characterized by?
impulsive actions
107
What psychotic disorder is usually characterized by withdrawal from reality illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations?
schizophrenia
108
What is factitious disorder also referred to as?
Munchausen syndrome
109
What medication is administered to prevent or relieve depression, and may also be used to treat obsessive-compulsive and generalized anxiety disorders?
antidepressants
110
WHat medication is used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders?
mood-stabilizing drugs
111
What type of therapy uses hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention?
hypnotherapy
112
What does ICP stand for?
Intracranial Pressure
113
What does MS stand for?
multiple sclerosis
