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HOSA Bowl > Med Term Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Med Term Chapter 10 Flashcards

Nervous System

1
Q

What is at the center of the nervous system?

A

the brain

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2
Q

What is the responsibility of the nervous system?

A

to control and coordinate all bodily activities

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3
Q

What are the two primary parts of the nervous system?

A

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

How many pairs of peripheral nerves are there in the peripheral nervous system?

A

31

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6
Q

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

A

to transmit nerve signals to and from the central nervous system

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7
Q

What is one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with the rest of the body?

A

a nerve

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8
Q

What is a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord?

A

a tract

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9
Q

What type of nerves carry nerve impulses toward the brain?

A

ascending nerve tracts

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10
Q

What type of nerves carry nerve impulses away from the brain?

A

descending nerve tracts

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11
Q

What is the nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve?

A

a ganglion

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12
Q

What is a network of intersecting spinal nerves?

A

a plexus

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13
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

anything that excites a nerve and causes an impulse

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14
Q

What is a wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons?

A

an impulse

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15
Q

What are the automatic, involuntary responses to some change, either inside or outside the body?

A

reflexes

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16
Q

What are the basic cells of the nervous system called?

A

neurons

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17
Q

Approximately how many neurons does the body have?

A

billions

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18
Q

What are afferent neurons also known as?

A

sensory neurons

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19
Q

What are connecting neurons also known as?

A

associative neurons

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20
Q

How do neurons carry nerve impulses throughout the body?

A

via electrochemical processes

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21
Q

What is the process of creating patterns of neuron electrical activity known as?

A

brain waves

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22
Q

What are efferent neurons also known as?

A

motor neurons

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23
Q

What are the root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body?

A

dendrites

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24
Q

What is the structure that extends out from the cell body?

A

a process

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25
Q

What is the process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell?

A

an axon

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26
Q

What are the branching fibers at the end of the axon that leads the nerve impulse from the axon to the synapse?

A

terminal end fibers

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27
Q

What is a synapse?

A

the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ

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28
Q

Where is acetylcholine released?

A

at some synapses in the spinal cord and at the neuromuscular junctions

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29
Q

Around how many known neurotransmitters are there?

A

200 to 300

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30
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor

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31
Q

What gland produces Norepinephrine?

A

the adrenal glands

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32
Q

What does serotonin play roles in?

A

sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition

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33
Q

What is the myelin sheaths made of?

A

glial cells

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34
Q

The portion of nerve fibers that are unmyelinated are known as?

A

gray matter

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35
Q

How many layers of connective tissue are found in the meninges?

A

three

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36
Q

What is the name for the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges?

A

dura mater

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37
Q

What does the arachnoid membrane resemble?

A

a spider web

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38
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

A

below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater

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39
Q

What is the name for the third layer of the meninges?

A

the pia mater

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40
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid also known as?

A

spinal fluid

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41
Q

How many lobes does the cerebrum consist of?

A

four

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42
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

control vital bodily functions

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43
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

coordinate muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements

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44
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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45
Q

What is the largest portion of the brain?

A

the cerebrum

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46
Q

What is the name for the fissures of the cerebral cortex?

47
Q

Which lobe of the brain controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior?

A

the frontal lobe

48
Q

Which part of the brain produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs?

A

the thalamus

49
Q

Where is the cerebrum located?

A

at the back of the head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum

50
Q

What does the medulla oblongata control?

A

basic survival functions and reflexes

51
Q

What serves as the pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain?

A

the spinal cord

52
Q

Which nerve fibers carry instructions to the organs and glands from mthe autonomic nervous system?

A

autonomic nerve fibers

53
Q

Which nerve fibers convey information that control the body’s voluntary muscular movements?

A

somatic nerve fibers

54
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves originate from under the surface of the brain

55
Q

Which types of nerves prepares the body for emergencies and stress?

A

sympathetic nerves

56
Q

Who is the physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery?

A

anesthesiologist

57
Q

Who is the physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system?

A

neurologist

58
Q

What is cephalalgia commonly known as?

A

a headache

59
Q

Cluster headaches primarily affect which gender?

60
Q

What is the congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull?

A

encephalocele

61
Q

What is the condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates int he ventricles of the brain?

A

hydrocephalus

62
Q

What form of dementia is caused by a stroke or other restriction of the blood flow to the brain?

A

vascular dementia

63
Q

What is Reye’s syndrome characterized by?

A

vomiting and confusion

64
Q

What is the leading form of dementia?

A

Alzhiemer’s disease

65
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease characterized by?

A

fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow, or shuffling gait

66
Q

Who is Lewy Body Dementia named after?

A

Neurologist Fredric Lewy

67
Q

WHat is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) also known as?

A

Lou Gehrig’s disease

68
Q

What disease is characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences?

69
Q

When is someone considered brain dead?

A

when the brain has ceased functioning

70
Q

What is the acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations?

71
Q

What are strokes properly known as?

A

cerebrovascular accidents

72
Q

What is the most common type of stroke in older people?

A

ischemic strokes

73
Q

What are the two types of ischemic strokes?

A

thrombotic, and embolic

74
Q

What are Transient Ischemic Attacks sometimes referred to as?

A

mini-strokes

75
Q

What is the loss of the ability to speak, write, or comprehend a written or spoken word?

76
Q

What is a localized, weak balloon-like enlargement of an artery wall?

A

an aneurysm

77
Q

When do hemorrhagic strokes occur?

A

when a blood vessel in the brain leaks

78
Q

What disorder consists of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day?

A

narcolepsy

79
Q

What is the inflammation of the spinal cord?

80
Q

What is the highly contagious viral infection of the brain stem and spinal cord that can lead to paralysis and has no known cure?

A

poliomyelitis

81
Q

What autoimmune disorder is characterized by inflammation which causes demyelination of the myelin sheath?

A

multiple sclerosis

82
Q

What is the temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerves that causes paralysis of the face?

A

Bell’s palsy

83
Q

What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome also known as?

A

infectious polynueritis

84
Q

What is the inflammation for the fifth cranial nerve known as?

A

trigeminal neuralgia

85
Q

Who does cerebral palsy occur most frequently in?

A

in premature or low-birth-weight infants

86
Q

What are absence seizures often described as?

A

staring episodes

87
Q

What is the persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve?

88
Q

What is the use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes?

A

echoencephalography

89
Q

What is the name of the resulting record from an electroencephalography?

A

an electroencephalogram (EEG)

90
Q

What is the radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture?

A

spinal tap

91
Q

What medication depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep?

A

a hypnotic

92
Q

What class of drugs has the major actio nrpoducing a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system?

A

barbituates

93
Q

What is the absence of normal sensations, especially sensitivity to pain?

A

anesthesia

94
Q

What neurological procedure is used in the treatment of dystonia, tremors, and Parkinson’s disease?

A

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

95
Q

Why is a thalamotomy primarily performed?

A

to quiet the tremors of parkinson’s disease

96
Q

What mental condition is characterized by excessive, irrational dread of situations, in which fear is out of proportion to the real danger?

A

anxiety disorders

97
Q

What is the excessive fear of heights?

A

acrophobia

98
Q

What is the excessive fear of social situations where the person fears negative evaluation?

A

social anxiety disorder

99
Q

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) characterized by?

A

recurrent obsessions and or compulsions

100
Q

What is the diagnosis of significant below average intellectual and adaptive functioning present form birth or early infancy?

A

intellectual disability

101
Q

What disorder is characterized by an abnormally elevated mood of euphoria?

A

manic behavior

102
Q

WHat is persistent depressive disorder also known as?

103
Q

What does DMDD stand for?

A

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

104
Q

What bout of depression is associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during he winter?

A

seasonal depression

105
Q

What disorder leads to an intense fear of gaining weight and inability to maintain a healthy body?

A

anorexia nervosa

106
Q

What is Borderline Personality Disorder mainly characterized by?

A

impulsive actions

107
Q

What psychotic disorder is usually characterized by withdrawal from reality illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations?

A

schizophrenia

108
Q

What is factitious disorder also referred to as?

A

Munchausen syndrome

109
Q

What medication is administered to prevent or relieve depression, and may also be used to treat obsessive-compulsive and generalized anxiety disorders?

A

antidepressants

110
Q

WHat medication is used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders?

A

mood-stabilizing drugs

111
Q

What type of therapy uses hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention?

A

hypnotherapy

112
Q

What does ICP stand for?

A

Intracranial Pressure

113
Q

What does MS stand for?

A

multiple sclerosis

HOSA Bowl (20 decks)

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