HSC&A Chapter 1 Flashcards
Introduction to Healthcare Systems
What law was passed in 2010 by US Congress for a major regulatory reform of US healthcare?
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act/Obamacare
Who published standards to provide a clear and consistent understanding of industry and post-secondary knowledge that healthcare workers must possess?
National Consortium for Health Science Education
Who created acupuncture?
the Chinese
What is the strategic insertion of small needles into the body to treat disease and pain?
Acupuncture
What is acupuncture commonly used for?
chronic pain and infertility
Who were the first to study the pulse?
the Chinese
Who believed that examining the characteristics of a patient’s pulse helped determine the severity of an illness?
the Chinese
Who began the practice of medical examinations?
the Egyptians/Babylonians
Who introduced the concepts of diagnosis and prognosis?
the Egyptians/Babylonians
Who built aqueducts to bring clean water into metropolitan areas?
the Greeks
Who is known as the Father of Medicine?
Hippocrates
What is the promise to practice medicine honestly and is pledged by health professionals at the start of their careers?
The Hippocratic Oath
Who performed eye and brain surgeries that were not attempted again until 2,000 years after his death?
Galen
Who created the caduceus?
the Greeks
Who carried the caduceus?
Hermes
Who created hospitals?
the Romans
Who invented surgical instruments, which included forceps, scalpels, and surgical needles?
the Romans
Who performed the first cataract surgery?
the Romans
Who has a history of 40,000 years of healers?
the Native Americans
Which Native American tribes used herbs and natural pain relievers?
the Navajo and Cherokee
What years were the Dark and Middle Ages?
400 CE to 1400 CE
Who was the Jewish philosopher who described numerous medical conditions and emphasized the importance of moderation and a healthy lifestyle?
Maimonides
Who could practice surgery, dentistry, and bloodletting, and traveled with armies, as well as performed amputations?
Barber Surgeons
What colors were often associated with Barber Surgeons?
red, white, blue
When did doctors begin using observations and careful note-taking?
1600s
Who invented the microscope?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Which English doctor developed the practice of vaccination by observing people who developed cowpox?
Edward Jenner
What was the first available inhalable anesthetic?
Diethyl Ether
Who reduced mortality that resulted from lack of hygiene and nutrition, and laid the foundation for professional nursing?
Florence Nightingale
Who was the first woman to study and practice medicine in the US?
Elizabeth Blackwell
Who established the Women’s Medical College in New York?
Elizabeth Blackwell
What year was the Women’s Medical College in New York Established?
1868
Who formed the American Red Cross?
Clara Barton
Who introduced the concept of hand washing?
Ignaz Semmelweis
Who developed the first vaccine for rabies and anthrax and developed the pasteurization of milk and wine?
Louis Pasteur
Who is known a the father of antiseptic surgery?
Joseph Lister
Who insisted on using soap to disinfect instruments and clean hands before doctors moved from patient to patient?
Joseph Lister
Who discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms called pathogens?
Robert Koch
Who discovered mold that lead to the discovery of penicillin? What year?
Alexander Fleming; 1928
What became the first antibiotic to treat bacterial infections?
penicillin
When did the mass production of penicillin begin?
1943
Who discovered X-ray technology at the end of the nineteenth century?
Wilhelm Roetgen
When was the electrocardiogram developed? By who?
1903; Willem Einthoven
Who discovered Radium at the beginning of the twentieth century?
Marie and Pierre Curie
When was insulin discovered? By who?
1922; Frederick Banting and Charles Best
What is insulin used for?
the regulation of glucose levels in the blood
Who was credited with the discovery of DNA?
James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Watson
Whose research helped the discovery of DNA?
Rosalind Franklin
In what year were the three men awarded the Nobel Prize for their discovery of DNA?
1962
What is the method of treating mental and emotional disorders by encouraging the patient to speak freely about personal experiences?
psychoanalysis
What was PTSD previously known as?
shellshock
What are SSRIs?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
What is the study of a person’s DNA sequences?
Genomic Medicine
What are the two largest public health insurance programs run by the government?
Medicare and Medicaid
What is the government-funded insurance for individuals over the age of 65 and people of any age who have a disability or illness?
Medicare
How many parts is Medicare divided into?
Four parts
What is the military’s health insurance?
TRICARE
How many basic options are there in TRICARE?
three
What form of government insurance provides wage replacement and medical benefits for employees injured at work?
Worker’s Compensation
What are the most common private managed insurances?
Health Maintenance Organizations and Preferred Provider Organizations
What act in 1973 caused a rapid increase in the number of HMOs?
the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973
What federal agency’s mission is to promote public health?
the United States Public Health Service
What does OSHA stand for?
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
What is the responsibility of OSHA?
to impose safety and health legislation to prevent injury, illness, and death in the workplace
What does CDC stand for?
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
What is the job of the CDC?
to monitor and prevent disease outbreaks, respond to environmental emergencies, and provide research-based health information to the public
What does FDA stand for?
the Food and Drug Administration
What does NIH stand for?
the National Institutes of Health
Who is the world’s leading agency for medical research?
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
What does WHO stand for?
the World Health Organization
