HSC&A Chapter 6 Flashcards
Anatomy and Physiology
What are the six main elements found in the human body?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus
What percent of the human body is composed of oxygen?
65 percent
What percent of the body is composed of carbon?
19 percent
What percent of the body is composed of hydrogen?
10 percent
What percent of the human body is composed of nitrogen?
3 percent
What percent of the human body is composed of calcium?
1.5 percent
What percent of the human body is composed of phosphorus?
1 percent
The human body is composed of approximately how many cells?
five trillion
What is the phenomenon called when bone, uscle, sikin, and blood are made up of different types of cells?
differentiation
What is the only cell found in the human body without a nucleus?
mature red blood cells
How many chromosomes are located inside the nucleus of a human cell?
46 chromosomes
What percent of the cytoplasm is composed of water?
70 to 90 percent
What is DNA shaped like?
a double helix
What project successfully mapped the DNA sequence?
the Human Genome Project
What type of tissue helps hold body parts together?
connective tissue
What is the most common type of body tissue?
connective tissue
What is connective tissue composed of?
collagen fibers and elastic fibers
What is the flexible connective tissue found in the rib cage, ear, nose, bronchial tube, and joints?
cartilage
What tissue covers the external and internal body surfaces?
epithelial tissue
What type of tissue does the skin consist of?
epithelial tissue
The linings of internal organs are made of what type of tissue?
epithelial tissue
What type of tissue allows the body to move?
muscle tissue
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
What type of tissue is concentrated in the spinal cord and brain?
nervous tissue
What cells are responsible for generating, sending, and receiving electrical signals to all parts of the body?
nervous tissue
What are the vital organs?
the brain, heart, liver, and lungs
What is the mixture of sodium, potassiu, chloride, and bicarbonate ions that affect the metabolic processes of the body?
electrolytes
What is the state of internal balance achieved by adjusting the physiological systems of the body?
homeostasis
What two systems primarily maintain homeostasis?
nervous and endocrine systems
What is normal body temperature?
37 degrees celsius or 98.6 degrees fahrenheit
What regulates body temperature?
the hypothalamus
What nerves monitor and respond to changes in the environment?
receptor nerves
What analyzes information and determines a response to the imbalance in an organism?
control center
How many layers of the skin are there?
three
What are the three layers of the skin?
the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous
What is the visible layer of the skin known as?
the epidermis
What glands are responsible for depositing oily secretion on the haris?
the sebaceous glands
What glands regulate body temperature?
sweat glands (sudoiferous glands)
What are the two types of sweat glands?
apocrine and eccrine
What is the name for the fold of tissue at the nail root?
cuticle
What does HPV stand for?
Human Papillomavirus
What does the musculoskeletal system consist of?
the bones, joints, and muscles
What are the two sections of the skeletal system?
the axial and appendicular skeleton
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
the main trunk of the body; skull, spinal column, breastbone, ribs
What does tthe appendicular skeleton consit of?
the extremity bones; shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, leg bones
What is repsonsible for manufacturing red blood cells?
the bone marrow
What is the soft, flexible tissue found inside bones?
bone marrow
What are the four types of bones found inside the human body?
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
Long bones are covered with what tough, fibrous connective tissue?
periosteum
What is the tough, fibrous connective tissue that contains blood vessels to provide nutrients to the bone cells?
periosteum
What are the bulbous ends on each bone called?
epiphyses
What is the region betweeen two bone ends called?
the diaphysis/shaft
What are the two types of bone marrow?
yellow and red
What does yellow bone marrow store?
fat
What is red bone marrow neede for?
the production of blood cells
What are the specialized cells that form bones?
osteoblasts
What are the specialized cells that tear down bone material and help move calcium and phosphate into the blood?
osteoclasts
Roughly what percent of the body’s bone tissue is torn down and rebuilt each year?
ten percent
What is the process of breaking down and rebuilidng bone known as?
bone remodeling
What are the four common classifications of fractures?
greenstick, stress, comminuted, spiral
What is the disorder which causes an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine?
scoliosis
What is the physical point of connection between two bones?
joints
What connective tissue holds joints together?
ligaments
What are the tough bands of fibrous tissuet ath connect bone to bone?
ligaments
What tissues attach muscles to bones?
tendons
What are the several types of joints?
amphiarthroses, synarthroses, synovial joints
Muscles account for what percent of total body weight of an adult human?
fourty percent
Women must get enough of what to avoid osteporosis?
calcium and vitamin D
What does DOMS stand for?
delayed-onset muscle sorness
What are the two parts of the nervous system?
the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
What are the three layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord called?
meninges
What relays sensory messages between the brain and spinal cord?
the thalamus
What exercises control over the pituitary gland and body functions such as emotions, appetitie, body temperature, and sleep?
the hypothalamus
What is involved in the processing of memory and learning?
the cerebrum
What controls voluntary movements and interpretation of the senses?
the cerebrum
What are the spaces within the cerebrum that contain cerebrospinal fluid?
ventricles
What does CSF stand for?
cerebrospinal fluid
What coordinates muscle activity and balance?
the cerebellum
What is the stalk-like structure that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord?
the brain stem
What are the three sections of the brain stem?
the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata
What part of the brain stem plays a role in regulating breathing?
the pons
What is the white part of the eye called?
the sclera
What is the colored portion of the eye called?
the iris
What is the opening in the center of the iris called?
the pupil
What are the two important functions of the ear?
hearing and maintaining the body’s sense of balance
What are the three main parts of teh ear?
the outer ear, the middle ear, the inner ear
What is the outer portion of the ear that leads to the ear canal?
the auricle
What is at the end of the ear canal?
the eardrum or tympanic membrane
Approximately how thick is the tympanic membrane?
0.1 millimeters thick
What are the three small bones of the middle ear collectively referred to as?
ossicles
What are the names of the three small bones of the middle ear?
the malleus, incus, and stapes
What connects the middle ear to the pharynx, and helps match the pressure in the ear and pharynx within the outside world?
the Eustachian tubes
What are the names of the two membrane-covered outlets into the middle ear which are found in the inner ear?
the oval window and the round window
What is the snail-shaped organ housed in the inner ear that contains thousands of hair-like nerve endings that carry sound vibrations through the auditory nerve to the brain?
the cochlea
What canals in the inner ear transmit signals to the cerebellum?
semicircular canals
What are the tiny bumps on the tongue known as?
papillae
What are the small openings in the top of the taste bud?
taste pores
Each taste bud contains what cells which send gustatory hairs up through the taste pores?
gustatory cells
The nose can detect how many different cells?
6000 different smells
What is the structure that divides the right and left air passages?
the nasal septum
What is the location of the pirmary sensory cortex, where touch is interpreted?
parietal lobe
What are the glands that secre chemical substances called hormones, which regulate body functions, and are part of the endocrine system?
eondocrine glands
What are the chemicals secreted by endocrine glands to regualte body functions?
hormones
What is the term for the chemical process, that occurs within an organism to maintain life?
metabolism
What glands contain a duct that allows them to secrete enzymes directly at the sight of action?
exorine glands
What is the gland that affects metabolism and growth, as well as monitors electrolyte and fluid balance?
the adrenal gland
What is the gland that stimulates or inhibits pituitary secretions and integrates responses from the nervous system?
the hypothalamus
What is the gland that contributes to the development of female sex characteristics?
the ovaries
What is the organ that maintains blood glucose levels?
pancreas
What is the gland that maintains blood calcium levels?
the parathyroid gland
What is the gland that releases the hormone melatonin to control sleep?
pineal gland
What is the gland that regulates and aidsi n the secretion of essential hormones?
pituitary gland
What is the gland that produces testosterone in males?
testes
What is the gland that stimulates the production of T and B cells to aid in th immune repsonse?
the thymus gland
What is the gland that produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine to regulate the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats?
thyroid gland
What is the process of allowing oxygen to enter the body through the mouth/nose?
inhalation (inspiration)
What is the process of forcing air out of the lungs?
exhalation (expiration)
What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx
What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?
trachea, lungs
What structure transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from red blood cells in the capillaries, and is the main site of gas exchange?
alveoli
What structure are the passages located between the trachea and bronchioles?
bronchi
What structure moves down to promote inspiration and moves up to force air from the lungs during expiration?
diaphragm
What structure is the flap that closes and covers the trachea when food or water is ingested to prevent them fron entering the lungs?
the epiglottis
What structure routs air through vocal cords to produce speech?
larynx
What structure houses the structure and tissues that conduct gas exchanges?
lungs
What structure filters inspired air and provides a sense of smell?
nasal cavity
What strucutre inspires and expires air travels through the mouth when the nose is blocked or when someone breaths through his or her mouth?
oral cavity
What structure warms and moistens inhaled air?
the paranasal sinuses
What structure is the passageway that transports air from the nose and mouth to the trachea?
the pharynx
What structure is the passageway for air between the pharynx and the bronchi?
the trachea
What system is responsible for circulating blood throughout the entire body to provide oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove wate maeterials?
the cardiovascular system
The average adult body contains roughly how many quarts of blood?
four to six quarts
Roughly what percent of plasma is water?
90 percent
About what percent of blood is made up of plasma?
55 percent
What percent of blood is formed elements?
45 percent
Roughly how long can red blood cells live for?
around 120 days
How long can white blood cells live for?
about three to nine days
What are the five types of white blood cells?
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
What are the fragments of specialized bone marrow cells?
platelets (thrombocytes)
What systems work to prevent and fight disease an destroy any pathogens that enter the body?
lymphatic and immune systems
What vessels move lymph from body tissues to the lymphatic trunks?
lymphatic vessels
What filters bacteria, viruess, and other waste out of the lymph?
lymph nodes
What are the two main lymphatic ducts?
the right lymphatic duct and the thoraic duct
Where are the lymph nodes concentrated?
in the abdomen, armpits, chest, elbows, groin, and knees
What organ filters waste products and microorganisms from the blood?
the spleen
What types of white blood cells does the spleen manufacture?
lymphocytes and monocytes
What gland houses T lymphocytes while they mature?
the thymus gland
What structure filters germs and bacteria that enter the nose and mouth?
the tonsils
What white blood cell kills bacteria and fungi using phagocytosis?
neutrophils
What white blood cell is active in the allergic response and destroys parasites?
eosinophils
What white blood cell releases histamine as part of an allergic response?
basophils
What white blood cell produces antibodies or fights cancer tumors and viruses?
lymphocytes
What white blood cell performs phagocytosis and morphs into macophage that removes dead cell debris and attacks microorganisms?
monocytes
What organ is responsible for the secretion of bile?
the liver
What are the two important hormones that the pnacreas makes?
insulin and glucagon
What are the three processes of urine production?
filtration, reabsorpiton, secretion
What percent of urine is water?
around 95 percent
What are the three layers of the kidney?
cortex, medulla, pelvis
Approximately how much urine does the urinary bladder hold when full?
500 mL
What is the normal pH of human blood?
between 7.35 and 7.45
