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HOSA Bowl > HSC&A Chapter 6 > Flashcards

HSC&A Chapter 6 Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology

1
Q

What are the six main elements found in the human body?

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus

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2
Q

What percent of the human body is composed of oxygen?

A

65 percent

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3
Q

What percent of the body is composed of carbon?

A

19 percent

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4
Q

What percent of the body is composed of hydrogen?

A

10 percent

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5
Q

What percent of the human body is composed of nitrogen?

A

3 percent

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6
Q

What percent of the human body is composed of calcium?

A

1.5 percent

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7
Q

What percent of the human body is composed of phosphorus?

A

1 percent

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8
Q

The human body is composed of approximately how many cells?

A

five trillion

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9
Q

What is the phenomenon called when bone, uscle, sikin, and blood are made up of different types of cells?

A

differentiation

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10
Q

What is the only cell found in the human body without a nucleus?

A

mature red blood cells

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11
Q

How many chromosomes are located inside the nucleus of a human cell?

A

46 chromosomes

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12
Q

What percent of the cytoplasm is composed of water?

A

70 to 90 percent

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13
Q

What is DNA shaped like?

A

a double helix

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14
Q

What project successfully mapped the DNA sequence?

A

the Human Genome Project

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15
Q

What type of tissue helps hold body parts together?

A

connective tissue

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16
Q

What is the most common type of body tissue?

A

connective tissue

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17
Q

What is connective tissue composed of?

A

collagen fibers and elastic fibers

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18
Q

What is the flexible connective tissue found in the rib cage, ear, nose, bronchial tube, and joints?

A

cartilage

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19
Q

What tissue covers the external and internal body surfaces?

A

epithelial tissue

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20
Q

What type of tissue does the skin consist of?

A

epithelial tissue

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21
Q

The linings of internal organs are made of what type of tissue?

A

epithelial tissue

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22
Q

What type of tissue allows the body to move?

A

muscle tissue

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23
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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24
Q

What type of tissue is concentrated in the spinal cord and brain?

A

nervous tissue

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25
Q

What cells are responsible for generating, sending, and receiving electrical signals to all parts of the body?

A

nervous tissue

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26
Q

What are the vital organs?

A

the brain, heart, liver, and lungs

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27
Q

What is the mixture of sodium, potassiu, chloride, and bicarbonate ions that affect the metabolic processes of the body?

A

electrolytes

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28
Q

What is the state of internal balance achieved by adjusting the physiological systems of the body?

A

homeostasis

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29
Q

What two systems primarily maintain homeostasis?

A

nervous and endocrine systems

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30
Q

What is normal body temperature?

A

37 degrees celsius or 98.6 degrees fahrenheit

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31
Q

What regulates body temperature?

A

the hypothalamus

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32
Q

What nerves monitor and respond to changes in the environment?

A

receptor nerves

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33
Q

What analyzes information and determines a response to the imbalance in an organism?

A

control center

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34
Q

How many layers of the skin are there?

A

three

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35
Q

What are the three layers of the skin?

A

the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous

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36
Q

What is the visible layer of the skin known as?

A

the epidermis

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37
Q

What glands are responsible for depositing oily secretion on the haris?

A

the sebaceous glands

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38
Q

What glands regulate body temperature?

A

sweat glands (sudoiferous glands)

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39
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

apocrine and eccrine

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40
Q

What is the name for the fold of tissue at the nail root?

A

cuticle

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41
Q

What does HPV stand for?

A

Human Papillomavirus

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42
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system consist of?

A

the bones, joints, and muscles

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43
Q

What are the two sections of the skeletal system?

A

the axial and appendicular skeleton

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44
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

the main trunk of the body; skull, spinal column, breastbone, ribs

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45
Q

What does tthe appendicular skeleton consit of?

A

the extremity bones; shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, leg bones

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46
Q

What is repsonsible for manufacturing red blood cells?

A

the bone marrow

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47
Q

What is the soft, flexible tissue found inside bones?

A

bone marrow

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48
Q

What are the four types of bones found inside the human body?

A

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

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49
Q

Long bones are covered with what tough, fibrous connective tissue?

A

periosteum

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50
Q

What is the tough, fibrous connective tissue that contains blood vessels to provide nutrients to the bone cells?

A

periosteum

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51
Q

What are the bulbous ends on each bone called?

A

epiphyses

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52
Q

What is the region betweeen two bone ends called?

A

the diaphysis/shaft

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53
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow?

A

yellow and red

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54
Q

What does yellow bone marrow store?

A

fat

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55
Q

What is red bone marrow neede for?

A

the production of blood cells

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56
Q

What are the specialized cells that form bones?

A

osteoblasts

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57
Q

What are the specialized cells that tear down bone material and help move calcium and phosphate into the blood?

A

osteoclasts

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58
Q

Roughly what percent of the body’s bone tissue is torn down and rebuilt each year?

A

ten percent

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59
Q

What is the process of breaking down and rebuilidng bone known as?

A

bone remodeling

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60
Q

What are the four common classifications of fractures?

A

greenstick, stress, comminuted, spiral

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61
Q

What is the disorder which causes an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine?

A

scoliosis

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62
Q

What is the physical point of connection between two bones?

A

joints

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63
Q

What connective tissue holds joints together?

A

ligaments

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64
Q

What are the tough bands of fibrous tissuet ath connect bone to bone?

A

ligaments

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65
Q

What tissues attach muscles to bones?

A

tendons

66
Q

What are the several types of joints?

A

amphiarthroses, synarthroses, synovial joints

67
Q

Muscles account for what percent of total body weight of an adult human?

A

fourty percent

68
Q

Women must get enough of what to avoid osteporosis?

A

calcium and vitamin D

69
Q

What does DOMS stand for?

A

delayed-onset muscle sorness

70
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

A

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

71
Q

What are the three layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord called?

A

meninges

72
Q

What relays sensory messages between the brain and spinal cord?

A

the thalamus

73
Q

What exercises control over the pituitary gland and body functions such as emotions, appetitie, body temperature, and sleep?

A

the hypothalamus

74
Q

What is involved in the processing of memory and learning?

A

the cerebrum

75
Q

What controls voluntary movements and interpretation of the senses?

A

the cerebrum

76
Q

What are the spaces within the cerebrum that contain cerebrospinal fluid?

A

ventricles

77
Q

What does CSF stand for?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

78
Q

What coordinates muscle activity and balance?

A

the cerebellum

79
Q

What is the stalk-like structure that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord?

A

the brain stem

80
Q

What are the three sections of the brain stem?

A

the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata

81
Q

What part of the brain stem plays a role in regulating breathing?

A

the pons

82
Q

What is the white part of the eye called?

A

the sclera

83
Q

What is the colored portion of the eye called?

A

the iris

84
Q

What is the opening in the center of the iris called?

A

the pupil

85
Q

What are the two important functions of the ear?

A

hearing and maintaining the body’s sense of balance

86
Q

What are the three main parts of teh ear?

A

the outer ear, the middle ear, the inner ear

87
Q

What is the outer portion of the ear that leads to the ear canal?

A

the auricle

88
Q

What is at the end of the ear canal?

A

the eardrum or tympanic membrane

89
Q

Approximately how thick is the tympanic membrane?

A

0.1 millimeters thick

90
Q

What are the three small bones of the middle ear collectively referred to as?

A

ossicles

91
Q

What are the names of the three small bones of the middle ear?

A

the malleus, incus, and stapes

92
Q

What connects the middle ear to the pharynx, and helps match the pressure in the ear and pharynx within the outside world?

A

the Eustachian tubes

93
Q

What are the names of the two membrane-covered outlets into the middle ear which are found in the inner ear?

A

the oval window and the round window

94
Q

What is the snail-shaped organ housed in the inner ear that contains thousands of hair-like nerve endings that carry sound vibrations through the auditory nerve to the brain?

A

the cochlea

95
Q

What canals in the inner ear transmit signals to the cerebellum?

A

semicircular canals

96
Q

What are the tiny bumps on the tongue known as?

A

papillae

97
Q

What are the small openings in the top of the taste bud?

A

taste pores

98
Q

Each taste bud contains what cells which send gustatory hairs up through the taste pores?

A

gustatory cells

99
Q

The nose can detect how many different cells?

A

6000 different smells

100
Q

What is the structure that divides the right and left air passages?

A

the nasal septum

101
Q

What is the location of the pirmary sensory cortex, where touch is interpreted?

A

parietal lobe

102
Q

What are the glands that secre chemical substances called hormones, which regulate body functions, and are part of the endocrine system?

A

eondocrine glands

103
Q

What are the chemicals secreted by endocrine glands to regualte body functions?

A

hormones

104
Q

What is the term for the chemical process, that occurs within an organism to maintain life?

A

metabolism

105
Q

What glands contain a duct that allows them to secrete enzymes directly at the sight of action?

A

exorine glands

106
Q

What is the gland that affects metabolism and growth, as well as monitors electrolyte and fluid balance?

A

the adrenal gland

107
Q

What is the gland that stimulates or inhibits pituitary secretions and integrates responses from the nervous system?

A

the hypothalamus

108
Q

What is the gland that contributes to the development of female sex characteristics?

A

the ovaries

109
Q

What is the organ that maintains blood glucose levels?

A

pancreas

110
Q

What is the gland that maintains blood calcium levels?

A

the parathyroid gland

111
Q

What is the gland that releases the hormone melatonin to control sleep?

A

pineal gland

112
Q

What is the gland that regulates and aidsi n the secretion of essential hormones?

A

pituitary gland

113
Q

What is the gland that produces testosterone in males?

A

testes

114
Q

What is the gland that stimulates the production of T and B cells to aid in th immune repsonse?

A

the thymus gland

115
Q

What is the gland that produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine to regulate the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats?

A

thyroid gland

116
Q

What is the process of allowing oxygen to enter the body through the mouth/nose?

A

inhalation (inspiration)

117
Q

What is the process of forcing air out of the lungs?

A

exhalation (expiration)

118
Q

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx

119
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea, lungs

120
Q

What structure transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from red blood cells in the capillaries, and is the main site of gas exchange?

A

alveoli

121
Q

What structure are the passages located between the trachea and bronchioles?

A

bronchi

122
Q

What structure moves down to promote inspiration and moves up to force air from the lungs during expiration?

A

diaphragm

123
Q

What structure is the flap that closes and covers the trachea when food or water is ingested to prevent them fron entering the lungs?

A

the epiglottis

124
Q

What structure routs air through vocal cords to produce speech?

A

larynx

125
Q

What structure houses the structure and tissues that conduct gas exchanges?

A

lungs

126
Q

What structure filters inspired air and provides a sense of smell?

A

nasal cavity

127
Q

What strucutre inspires and expires air travels through the mouth when the nose is blocked or when someone breaths through his or her mouth?

A

oral cavity

128
Q

What structure warms and moistens inhaled air?

A

the paranasal sinuses

129
Q

What structure is the passageway that transports air from the nose and mouth to the trachea?

A

the pharynx

130
Q

What structure is the passageway for air between the pharynx and the bronchi?

A

the trachea

131
Q

What system is responsible for circulating blood throughout the entire body to provide oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove wate maeterials?

A

the cardiovascular system

132
Q

The average adult body contains roughly how many quarts of blood?

A

four to six quarts

133
Q

Roughly what percent of plasma is water?

A

90 percent

134
Q

About what percent of blood is made up of plasma?

A

55 percent

135
Q

What percent of blood is formed elements?

A

45 percent

136
Q

Roughly how long can red blood cells live for?

A

around 120 days

137
Q

How long can white blood cells live for?

A

about three to nine days

138
Q

What are the five types of white blood cells?

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

139
Q

What are the fragments of specialized bone marrow cells?

A

platelets (thrombocytes)

140
Q

What systems work to prevent and fight disease an destroy any pathogens that enter the body?

A

lymphatic and immune systems

141
Q

What vessels move lymph from body tissues to the lymphatic trunks?

A

lymphatic vessels

142
Q

What filters bacteria, viruess, and other waste out of the lymph?

A

lymph nodes

143
Q

What are the two main lymphatic ducts?

A

the right lymphatic duct and the thoraic duct

144
Q

Where are the lymph nodes concentrated?

A

in the abdomen, armpits, chest, elbows, groin, and knees

145
Q

What organ filters waste products and microorganisms from the blood?

A

the spleen

146
Q

What types of white blood cells does the spleen manufacture?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

147
Q

What gland houses T lymphocytes while they mature?

A

the thymus gland

148
Q

What structure filters germs and bacteria that enter the nose and mouth?

A

the tonsils

149
Q

What white blood cell kills bacteria and fungi using phagocytosis?

A

neutrophils

150
Q

What white blood cell is active in the allergic response and destroys parasites?

A

eosinophils

151
Q

What white blood cell releases histamine as part of an allergic response?

A

basophils

152
Q

What white blood cell produces antibodies or fights cancer tumors and viruses?

A

lymphocytes

153
Q

What white blood cell performs phagocytosis and morphs into macophage that removes dead cell debris and attacks microorganisms?

A

monocytes

154
Q

What organ is responsible for the secretion of bile?

A

the liver

155
Q

What are the two important hormones that the pnacreas makes?

A

insulin and glucagon

156
Q

What are the three processes of urine production?

A

filtration, reabsorpiton, secretion

157
Q

What percent of urine is water?

A

around 95 percent

158
Q

What are the three layers of the kidney?

A

cortex, medulla, pelvis

159
Q

Approximately how much urine does the urinary bladder hold when full?

A

500 mL

160
Q

What is the normal pH of human blood?

A

between 7.35 and 7.45

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