Mechanisms of inflammation Flashcards
what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation
calor rubor tumor dolor functio laesa
what is the process of inflammation
PAMPS/DAMPS -> PRR -> immune cells -> cytokine response _> innate immunity/ inflammatory response -> adaptive immunity
what cells are involved with acute respiratory distress syndrome
neutrophils
what cells are involved with asthma
eosinophils; IgE
what cells are involved with septic shock
cytokines
which type of inflammation is mainly nuetrophils
acute
which type of infection is primarily monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes
chronic
what are the five steps of acute inflammation
- recognition of antigen/damage
- recruitment of leukocytes
- leukocytes/proteins destroy agent
- inflammation resolves
- damaged tissue is replaced
what is hemostasis
vasoconstriction, platelet activation, clot formation
what starts recruitment and activation of leukocytes
hemostasis
which cells recognize offending agents
mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and then they recruit neutrophils macrophages, T and B cells
what is the primary cell signaling pathway associated with inflammation
NFkB
what activates NFkB
GF, IL-1, TNF, LPS
what are the first two steps in leukocyte recruitment
vasodilation, increase permeability
what is the difference in transudate and exudate
Transudate is fluid pushed through the capillary due to high pressure within the capillary. Exudate is fluid that leaks around the cells of the capillaries caused by inflammation.
what is margination
when selectins and iCAMS cause leukocyts to adhere to blood vessel walls
CXC chemokines attract
neutrohils
CXCL7 is produced by
platelets
which chemokines compete with HIV
CCL3 and CCL4
what is the receptor for endotoxin
TLR4
what is the receptor for lipoprotein
TLR1,2,6
what is the receptor for peptidoglycan
NOD 1 &2
what is the receptor for heat shock proteins
TLR2, 4
what is the receptor for bacterial DNA
TLR9
what is the receptor for bacterial RNA
TLR3,TLR7, TLR 8
Heme induces TNF-a via
NFkB
what is the receptor for mitochondria
TLR9
what stimulates the production of acute phase proteins
IL-6
measured clinically as a sign on ongoing inflammation
C-reactive protein
what is upregulated in acture inflammation
CRP ferritin fibrinogen hepcidin serum amyloid A
what is downregulated in acute inflammation
albumin
transferrin
what are the steps of repair of tissue damage
activation of fibroblast
angiogenesis
re-epithelium
maturation
causes fever and stimulates production of acute phase proteins
IL-6
what interleukins cause fever
IL-1b, TNFa, iL-6
what are the systemic changes in inflammation
cardinal signs, flu-like symptoms, edema
does transudate or exudate have high proteins, occurs late in inflammation, high specific gravity, and coagulates upon standing
exudate
pyogenic bacteria cause _______ inflammation
suppurative inflammation
mast cells under go what to lead to diapedesis
degranulation
what are the causes of chronic inflammation
persistent infections
hypersensitivities
exposure to toxins
what are the most prevalent cells in chronic inflammation
macrophages
Th1 cells produce
IFN-gamma
what do TH2 cells secrete
IL-4, Il-5, IL-13
what do Th17 cells secrete
IL-17
what are the interluekins for inflammation
IL-1, IL-12, IL-23
which cells contain Major Basic Protein
eosinophils
nodular collection of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes
granuloma
activated macrophages have squamous cell like appearance
epithelioid macrophages
what cells look like they have many nucleus in a circle
granuloma
which is non caseating granulomas
sarcoidosis
What cells will be present in chronic inflammation
Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
What is most prevalent cells in chronic inflammation
Macrophages
