Mechanisms of inflammation

Question 1

what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 1

calor
rubor
tumor
dolor
functio laesa

Question 2

what is the process of inflammation

Answer 2

PAMPS/DAMPS -> PRR -> immune cells -> cytokine response _> innate immunity/ inflammatory response -> adaptive immunity

Question 3

what cells are involved with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 3

neutrophils

Question 4

what cells are involved with asthma

Answer 4

eosinophils; IgE

Question 5

what cells are involved with septic shock

Answer 5

cytokines

Question 6

which type of inflammation is mainly nuetrophils

Answer 6

acute

Question 7

which type of infection is primarily monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes

Answer 7

chronic

Question 8

what are the five steps of acute inflammation

Answer 8

1. recognition of antigen/damage
2. recruitment of leukocytes
3. leukocytes/proteins destroy agent
4. inflammation resolves
5. damaged tissue is replaced

Question 9

what is hemostasis

Answer 9

vasoconstriction, platelet activation, clot formation

Question 10

what starts recruitment and activation of leukocytes

Answer 10

hemostasis

Question 11

which cells recognize offending agents

Answer 11

mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and then they recruit neutrophils macrophages, T and B cells

Question 12

what is the primary cell signaling pathway associated with inflammation

Answer 12

NFkB

Question 13

what activates NFkB

Answer 13

GF, IL-1, TNF, LPS

Question 14

what are the first two steps in leukocyte recruitment

Answer 14

vasodilation, increase permeability

Question 15

what is the difference in transudate and exudate

Answer 15

Transudate is fluid pushed through the capillary due to high pressure within the capillary. Exudate is fluid that leaks around the cells of the capillaries caused by inflammation.

Question 16

what is margination

Answer 16

when selectins and iCAMS cause leukocyts to adhere to blood vessel walls

Question 17

CXC chemokines attract

Answer 17

neutrohils

Question 18

CXCL7 is produced by

Answer 18

platelets

Question 19

which chemokines compete with HIV

Answer 19

CCL3 and CCL4

Question 20

what is the receptor for endotoxin

Answer 20

TLR4

Question 21

what is the receptor for lipoprotein

Answer 21

TLR1,2,6

Question 22

what is the receptor for peptidoglycan

Answer 22

NOD 1 &2

Question 23

what is the receptor for heat shock proteins

Answer 23

TLR2, 4

Question 24

what is the receptor for bacterial DNA

Answer 24

TLR9

Question 25

what is the receptor for bacterial RNA

Answer 25

TLR3,TLR7, TLR 8

Question 26

Heme induces TNF-a via

Answer 26

NFkB

Question 27

what is the receptor for mitochondria

Answer 27

TLR9

Question 28

what stimulates the production of acute phase proteins

Answer 28

IL-6

Question 29

measured clinically as a sign on ongoing inflammation

Answer 29

C-reactive protein

Question 30

what is upregulated in acture inflammation

Answer 30

``` CRP ferritin fibrinogen hepcidin serum amyloid A ```

Question 31

what is downregulated in acute inflammation

Answer 31

albumin | transferrin

Question 32

what are the steps of repair of tissue damage

Answer 32

activation of fibroblast angiogenesis re-epithelium maturation

Question 33

causes fever and stimulates production of acute phase proteins

Answer 33

IL-6

Question 34

what interleukins cause fever

Answer 34

IL-1b, TNFa, iL-6

Question 35

what are the systemic changes in inflammation

Answer 35

cardinal signs, flu-like symptoms, edema

Question 36

does transudate or exudate have high proteins, occurs late in inflammation, high specific gravity, and coagulates upon standing

Answer 36

exudate

Question 37

pyogenic bacteria cause _______ inflammation

Answer 37

suppurative inflammation

Question 38

mast cells under go what to lead to diapedesis

Answer 38

degranulation

Question 39

what are the causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 39

persistent infections hypersensitivities exposure to toxins

Question 40

what are the most prevalent cells in chronic inflammation

Answer 40

macrophages

Question 41

Th1 cells produce

Answer 41

IFN-gamma

Question 42

what do TH2 cells secrete

Answer 42

IL-4, Il-5, IL-13

Question 43

what do Th17 cells secrete

Answer 43

IL-17

Question 44

what are the interluekins for inflammation

Answer 44

IL-1, IL-12, IL-23

Question 45

which cells contain Major Basic Protein

Answer 45

eosinophils

Question 46

nodular collection of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes

Answer 46

granuloma

Question 47

activated macrophages have squamous cell like appearance

Answer 47

epithelioid macrophages

Question 48

what cells look like they have many nucleus in a circle

Answer 48

granuloma

Question 49

which is non caseating granulomas

Answer 49

sarcoidosis

Question 50

What cells will be present in chronic inflammation

Answer 50

Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells

Question 51

What is most prevalent cells in chronic inflammation

Answer 51

Macrophages