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BECOM II EXAM IV > Anterior and Posterior Pituitary > Flashcards

Anterior and Posterior Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

where is the anterior pituitary derived from

A

oral ectoderm

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2
Q

what population is at the highest risk of pituitary infarctions

A

postpartum mothers. during pregnancy the pit doubles, afterwards blood vessels regress causing pituitary infarctions

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3
Q

what gives the direct access from hypothalmus to pit

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

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4
Q

T/F hypothalamic releasing hormones are primarily small peptides with pulsatile secretion and short circulating half lives

A

T

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5
Q

is Thyroid hormone released by hypothalamic throtropin-releasing hormone

A

NO

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6
Q

What does corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulate

A

ACTH and POMC expression

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7
Q

what does thyroiud releasing hormone stimulate

A

TSH and PRL

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8
Q

what do somatotrophs secrete

A

GH

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9
Q

what does GnRH stimulate the secretion of

A

LH and FSH

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10
Q

what does dopainmine inhibit

A

PRL synthesis by lactotrophs

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11
Q

what hormone causes ovulation

A

LH

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12
Q

what is the physiological regulator of glucocorticoidsw and androgens

A

ACTH

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13
Q

does Crh stimulate the formation of aldosterone

A

no, a second signal is required

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14
Q

what does ACTH do in relation in cholesterol

A

increase uptake

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15
Q

where is ACTH synthesized from

A

in corticotrophs from POMC

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16
Q

why can cortisol shots only be given every couple of months

A

It shuts down ACTH and CRH via negative feedback and patients adrenal cortex atrophies causing the kidneys to shut down

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17
Q

why does addisons disease cause increased skin pigmentation

A

POMC is cleaved in the production of ACTH, which also contains a-melanocyte stimulating homrone

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18
Q

what are the regulators of ACTH

A 
CRH
negative feedback glucocorticoids
stress, hypoglycemia
ADH
Diurnal variation
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19
Q

binding of CRH to its receptors on the corticotrophs increase _______, activates ____, increase POMC production and cleavage

A

cAMP; PKA

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20
Q

parvicellular neuron in the ________ _______ of the hypothalmus synthesize CRH

A

paraventricular nucleus

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21
Q

what is the diagnostic tool for adrenal hyperfunction

A

synthetic glucocorticoid (dexamethasome) suppression of ACTH

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22
Q

what is ACTH level in congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

elevated;there is a lack of glucocortiod synthesis, adrenal hypertrophy and hyperplasia

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23
Q

what has been historically used to assess ACTH response

A

insulin-induced hypoglycemia (insulin tolerance)

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24
Q

what is the effect of stress on CRH

A

CRH is released (seen in hypoglycemia)

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25
Q

T/F someone who has an ACTH def has to snack all the time

A

T

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26
Q

low cortisol stimulates

A

high ACTH

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27
Q

At what time is ACTH levels the highest

A

morning

28
Q

CRH stimulates the secretion oh what hormone

A

ACTH

29
Q

an iodine deficiency results in ____

A

TSH

30
Q

what is the physiologic regulator of T3 and T4

A

TSH

31
Q

what is TSH stimulated by

A

TRH

32
Q

TSH is inhibited by

A

somatostatin and thyroid hormones

33
Q

Growth hormones act through what kind of signaling cascade

A

jk/stat

34
Q

what hormone is produced by somatotrophs

A

GH

35
Q

GH’s highest burst occurs

A

during the first hour of sleep

36
Q

what are the inducers of GH

A 
starvation
gherlin
vigorous exercise
emothional/physical stress
elevated AA
37
Q

what is GH affect on lipolysis and FA oxidation

A

increase

38
Q

what is the relationship between GH and insuline

A

decreases insulin uptake (insulin resistance, diabetes like)

39
Q

what is measured for most accurate GH levels and why

A

somatomedin C, longer half life

40
Q

what is the indirect effect of GH

A

increases IgF which stimulates bone growth

41
Q

what is the difference in gigantism vs acromegaly in excessive growth hormone

A

gigantism is before epiphyseal closure

acromegaly is after epiphyseal closure

42
Q

what is laron syndrome

A

GH receptor mutation

43
Q

what is the signaling cascade of prolactin

A

Jak/stat

44
Q

what is prolactin stimulated and inhibtied by

A

stim by TRH, inhibit by dopamine

45
Q

what does PRL decrease the release of

A

FH and LSH -> ammenhorrea

46
Q

what maintains the maintenance of the corpus luteum

A

PRL

47
Q

what spresses kisspeptin and modulates GnRH sectretion

A

PRL

48
Q

what is a complication that may occur with antipsychotic medicine

A

galactorrhea and infertility

49
Q

the pituitary gland stores and releases what two small peptide hormones

A

oxytocin and vassopressin

50
Q

where are oxytocin and vassopressin synthesized

A

hypothalmus

51
Q

what does oxytocin activated

A

G-coupled protein receptor->PI3k->Ca++

52
Q

oxtocin expression is induced by

A

high estrogen

53
Q

what is prescribed to induce labor

A

ptocin

54
Q

what does oxytocin do

A

affects smooth muscle and stops hemorrhagic bleeding

55
Q

what is oxtocin structurally similar to

A

ADH

56
Q

methylation in oxtocin receptor is associated with

A

autism

57
Q

what does oxytocin do to cortisol release

A

decrease

58
Q

oxtocin and ADH are secreted by what nuclei

A

paraventricular and supraoptic

59
Q

what is the effect of ADH on ACTH

A

increases secretion

60
Q

what does ADH increase in principal cells

A

AQP2 via cAMP/PKA

61
Q

central diabetes insipidus is caused by

A

lack of ADH

62
Q

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by

A

lack of ADH receptors or AQP2, chronic lithium ingestion (amiloride-sensitive channels)

63
Q

what would be the effect of prescribing salt to someone with SIADH

A

demyelination

64
Q

what would SIADH present with

A

hyponatremia, concentrated urine, elevated urinary Na

65
Q

How does cortisol affect blood pressure?

A

Stimulates release of ADH, increases blood pressure (indirectly)

66
Q

Excessive cortisol is called _________. No cortisol is called _____………^

A

Cushing syndrome, Addison’s disease

BECOM II EXAM IV (19 decks)

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