Anterior and Posterior Pituitary

Question 1

where is the anterior pituitary derived from

Answer 1

oral ectoderm

Question 2

what population is at the highest risk of pituitary infarctions

Answer 2

postpartum mothers. during pregnancy the pit doubles, afterwards blood vessels regress causing pituitary infarctions

Question 3

what gives the direct access from hypothalmus to pit

Answer 3

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

Question 4

T/F hypothalamic releasing hormones are primarily small peptides with pulsatile secretion and short circulating half lives

Answer 4

T

Question 5

is Thyroid hormone released by hypothalamic throtropin-releasing hormone

Answer 5

NO

Question 6

What does corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulate

Answer 6

ACTH and POMC expression

Question 7

what does thyroiud releasing hormone stimulate

Answer 7

TSH and PRL

Question 8

what do somatotrophs secrete

Answer 8

GH

Question 9

what does GnRH stimulate the secretion of

Answer 9

LH and FSH

Question 10

what does dopainmine inhibit

Answer 10

PRL synthesis by lactotrophs

Question 11

what hormone causes ovulation

Answer 11

LH

Question 12

what is the physiological regulator of glucocorticoidsw and androgens

Answer 12

ACTH

Question 13

does Crh stimulate the formation of aldosterone

Answer 13

no, a second signal is required

Question 14

what does ACTH do in relation in cholesterol

Answer 14

increase uptake

Question 15

where is ACTH synthesized from

Answer 15

in corticotrophs from POMC

Question 16

why can cortisol shots only be given every couple of months

Answer 16

It shuts down ACTH and CRH via negative feedback and patients adrenal cortex atrophies causing the kidneys to shut down

Question 17

why does addisons disease cause increased skin pigmentation

Answer 17

POMC is cleaved in the production of ACTH, which also contains a-melanocyte stimulating homrone

Question 18

what are the regulators of ACTH

Answer 18

CRH
negative feedback glucocorticoids
stress, hypoglycemia
ADH
Diurnal variation

Question 19

binding of CRH to its receptors on the corticotrophs increase _______, activates ____, increase POMC production and cleavage

Answer 19

cAMP; PKA

Question 20

parvicellular neuron in the ________ _______ of the hypothalmus synthesize CRH

Answer 20

paraventricular nucleus

Question 21

what is the diagnostic tool for adrenal hyperfunction

Answer 21

synthetic glucocorticoid (dexamethasome) suppression of ACTH

Question 22

what is ACTH level in congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 22

elevated;there is a lack of glucocortiod synthesis, adrenal hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Question 23

what has been historically used to assess ACTH response

Answer 23

insulin-induced hypoglycemia (insulin tolerance)

Question 24

what is the effect of stress on CRH

Answer 24

CRH is released (seen in hypoglycemia)

Question 25

T/F someone who has an ACTH def has to snack all the time

Answer 25

T

Question 26

low cortisol stimulates

Answer 26

high ACTH

Question 27

At what time is ACTH levels the highest

Answer 27

morning

Question 28

CRH stimulates the secretion oh what hormone

Answer 28

ACTH

Question 29

an iodine deficiency results in ____

Answer 29

TSH

Question 30

what is the physiologic regulator of T3 and T4

Answer 30

TSH

Question 31

what is TSH stimulated by

Answer 31

TRH

Question 32

TSH is inhibited by

Answer 32

somatostatin and thyroid hormones

Question 33

Growth hormones act through what kind of signaling cascade

Answer 33

jk/stat

Question 34

what hormone is produced by somatotrophs

Answer 34

GH

Question 35

GH's highest burst occurs

Answer 35

during the first hour of sleep

Question 36

what are the inducers of GH

Answer 36

``` starvation gherlin vigorous exercise emothional/physical stress elevated AA ```

Question 37

what is GH affect on lipolysis and FA oxidation

Answer 37

increase

Question 38

what is the relationship between GH and insuline

Answer 38

decreases insulin uptake (insulin resistance, diabetes like)

Question 39

what is measured for most accurate GH levels and why

Answer 39

somatomedin C, longer half life

Question 40

what is the indirect effect of GH

Answer 40

increases IgF which stimulates bone growth

Question 41

what is the difference in gigantism vs acromegaly in excessive growth hormone

Answer 41

gigantism is before epiphyseal closure | acromegaly is after epiphyseal closure

Question 42

what is laron syndrome

Answer 42

GH receptor mutation

Question 43

what is the signaling cascade of prolactin

Answer 43

Jak/stat

Question 44

what is prolactin stimulated and inhibtied by

Answer 44

stim by TRH, inhibit by dopamine

Question 45

what does PRL decrease the release of

Answer 45

FH and LSH -> ammenhorrea

Question 46

what maintains the maintenance of the corpus luteum

Answer 46

PRL

Question 47

what spresses kisspeptin and modulates GnRH sectretion

Answer 47

PRL

Question 48

what is a complication that may occur with antipsychotic medicine

Answer 48

galactorrhea and infertility

Question 49

the pituitary gland stores and releases what two small peptide hormones

Answer 49

oxytocin and vassopressin

Question 50

where are oxytocin and vassopressin synthesized

Answer 50

hypothalmus

Question 51

what does oxytocin activated

Answer 51

G-coupled protein receptor->PI3k->Ca++

Question 52

oxtocin expression is induced by

Answer 52

high estrogen

Question 53

what is prescribed to induce labor

Answer 53

ptocin

Question 54

what does oxytocin do

Answer 54

affects smooth muscle and stops hemorrhagic bleeding

Question 55

what is oxtocin structurally similar to

Answer 55

ADH

Question 56

methylation in oxtocin receptor is associated with

Answer 56

autism

Question 57

what does oxytocin do to cortisol release

Answer 57

decrease

Question 58

oxtocin and ADH are secreted by what nuclei

Answer 58

paraventricular and supraoptic

Question 59

what is the effect of ADH on ACTH

Answer 59

increases secretion

Question 60

what does ADH increase in principal cells

Answer 60

AQP2 via cAMP/PKA

Question 61

central diabetes insipidus is caused by

Answer 61

lack of ADH

Question 62

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by

Answer 62

lack of ADH receptors or AQP2, chronic lithium ingestion (amiloride-sensitive channels)

Question 63

what would be the effect of prescribing salt to someone with SIADH

Answer 63

demyelination

Question 64

what would SIADH present with

Answer 64

hyponatremia, concentrated urine, elevated urinary Na

Question 65

How does cortisol affect blood pressure?

Answer 65

Stimulates release of ADH, increases blood pressure (indirectly)

Question 66

Excessive cortisol is called _________. No cortisol is called _____………^

Answer 66

Cushing syndrome, Addison’s disease