MECHANISMS OF CELL INJURY AND CELL DEATH

Question 1

refers to the cellular abnormalities that are induced by ROS which belong to a group of molecules known as free radicals

Answer 1

oxidative stress

Question 2

superoxide is converted to hydrogen peroxide spontaneously by the action of the _____________

Answer 2

superoxide dismutase

Question 3

in the presence of metals such as Iron, hydrogen peroxide is converted to higly reactive ____________ by the fenton reaction

Answer 3

hydroxyl radical

Question 4

_______ & _______ lead to ATP depletion and failure of many energy dependent functions resulting first in reversible injury and if not corrected in necrosis

Answer 4

hypoxia and ischemia

Question 5

_____ is an increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ

Answer 5

hypertrophy

Question 6

______- is an increase number of cells in an organ that stems from increased proliferation either of differentiated cells or in some instances less differentiated progenitor cells

Answer 6

hyperplasia

Question 7

__________- is the shrinkage in the size of cells by the loss of cell substance

Answer 7

atrophy

Question 8

___________ is a change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

Answer 8

metaplasia

Question 9

____________ is a wear and tear pigment is an insoluble brownish yellow granular intracellular material that accumulates in a variety of tissues (particularly the heart, liver, and brain) with aging or atrophy

Answer 9

lipofuschin

Question 10

_____________ is an endogenous brown black pigment synthesized by melanocytes located in the epidermis and acts as a screen against harmful UV radiation

Answer 10

melanin

Question 11

TYPE OF CALCIFICATION

in this form calcium metabolism is normal but it deposits in injured or dead tissue such as areas of necrosis of any type

Answer 11

dystrophic calcification

Question 12

TYPE OF CALCIFICATION

associated with hypercalcemia and can occur in normal tissues

causes: increased parathyroid secretion, destruction of bone, and vitamin D related disorders

Answer 12

metastatic calcification

Question 13

________- are short repeated sequences of DNA present at the ends of chromosomes that are important for ensuring the complete replication of chromosome ends and for protecting the ends from fusion and degredation

Answer 13

telomeres