CELL INJURY

Question 1

refers to the underlying causes and modifying factors that are responsible for initiation and progression of diseases

Answer 1

etiology

Question 2

refers to the mechanisms of development and progression of disease which account for the cellular and molecular changes that give rise to the specific functional and structural abnormalities that characterizes any particular disease

Answer 2

pathogenesis

Question 3

________ refers to oxygen deficiency and ischemia

Answer 3

hypoxia

Question 4

_______ potentially toxic agents are encountered daily in the environment

Answer 4

toxins

Question 5

all types of disease causing pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoans

Answer 5

infectious agents

Question 6

protein-calories insufficiency among impoverished populations remains a major cause of cell injury and specific vitamin deficiencies are not uncommon even in developed countries with high standards of living

Answer 6

nutritional imbalances

Question 7

____________ is the stage of cell injury at which the deranged function and morphology of the injured cells can return to normal if the damaging stimulus is removed

Answer 7

reversible cell injury

Question 8

2 main morphologic correlates of reversible cell injury includes

C, F

Answer 8

cellular swelling
fatty change

Question 9

________ is commonly seen in cell injury associated with increased permeability of the plasma membrane

Answer 9

cellular swelling

Question 10

____________ is manifested by the appearance of triglyceride containing vacuoles in the cytoplasm

Answer 10

fatty change

Question 11

many drugs including barbiturates used as sedatives are metabolized in the liver by the ______ mixed function oxidase system found in the smooth ER

Answer 11

cytochrome P450

Question 12

the morphological manifestation of acidental cell death is __________

Answer 12

necrosis

Question 13

the morphological appearance of most types of regulated cell death is __________

Answer 13

apoptosis

Question 14

myocardial cells become non contractile after 1-2 minutes of ischemia but may not die until ____________ of ischemia have elapsed

Answer 14

20-30 minutes

Question 15

Necrosis

_______ : necrotic cells shows increase eosinophilia attributable partly to increased binding of eosin to denatured cytoplasmic proteins and partly to loss of basophilic RNA in the cytoplasm

Answer 15

cytoplasmic changes

Question 16

Necrosis

________:characterized by nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia

Answer 16

pyknosis

Question 17

Necrosis

pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation this change is called

Answer 17

karrorrhexis

Question 18

Necrosis

nucleus may undergo ____ which the basophilia fades because of digestion of DNA by DNase activity

Answer 18

karyolysis

Question 19

TYPES OF NECROSIS

form of necrosis in which the underlying tissue architecture is preserved for at least several days after death of cells in the tissue

Answer 19

coagulative necrosis

Question 20

TYPES OF NECROSIS

seen in focal bacterial and occasionally fungal infections because microbes stimulate rapid accumulation of inflammatory cells, and the enzymes of leukocytes (liquefy) the tissue

Answer 20

liquefacrive necrosis

Question 21

TYPES OF NECROSIS

most often encountered in foci of tuberculous infection

necrotic focus appears as a collection of fragmented or lysed cells with an amorphous granular pink appearance in H&E stained tissue sections

Answer 21

caseous necrosis

Question 21

TYPES OF NECROSIS

not a distinctive pattern of cell death, the term is still commonly used in clinical practice

condition of a limb that has lost its blood supply and has undergone coagulative necrosis involving multiple tissue layers

Answer 21

gangrenous necrosis

Question 22

TYPES OF NECROSIS
focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from the release of activated pancreatic lipases into the substance of the pancreas and peritoneal cavity

Answer 22

fat necrosis

Question 23

TYPES OF NECROSIS
special form of necrosis

occurs in immune system reactions in which complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of blood vessels

Answer 23

fibrinoid necrosis

Question 24

MECHANISMS OF APOPTOSIS

A family of more than 20 proteins, the prototype of which is _______ controls the permeability of mitochondria, ____ and the related protein _______ controls the permeability of mitochondria

Answer 24

Bcl-2
Bcl-2
Bcl-XL

Question 25

MECHANISMS OF APOPTOSIS

two proapoptotic members of the family __ and _______ in check

Answer 25

Bax
Bak

Question 26

MECHANISMS OF APOPTOSIS

many cells express surface molecules called death receptors that trigger apoptosis. most of these members are members of the ___________ receptor family

Answer 26

tumor necrosis factor

Question 27

in _______- stained tissue sections, the nuclei of apoptotic cells show various stages of chromatin condensation and aggregation and ultimately karyorrhexis

Answer 27

H&E stained tissue

Question 28

OTHER PATHWAYS OF CELL DEATH

_______ form of cell death is iniated by engagement of TNF receptors as well as other poorly defined triggers

Answer 28

Necroptosis

Question 29

_______ form of cell death associated with activation of a cytosolic danger sensing protein complex called the INFLAMMASOME

Answer 29

pyroptosis

Question 30

__________- refers to the lysosomal digestion of the cell’s own components

Answer 30

autophagy

Question 31

TWO MAJOR PATHWAYS OF APOPTOSIS

triggered by loss of survival signals, DNA damage, and accumulation of misfolded proteins, inhibited by anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl family

Answer 31

intrinsic pathway

Question 32

TWO MAJOR PATHWAYS OF APOPTOSIS

responsible for elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes and damage by CTLs

Answer 32

death extrinsic pathway