ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES I

Question 1

________ refers to conditions caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents in the ambient workplace and personal environment, including diseases of nutritional origin

Answer 1

environmental

Question 2

________. _______, _______ all of which will be exacerbated by heat waves and air pollution

Answer 2

cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory diseases

Question 3

_______, cholera, and other foodborne and water borne infectious diseases caused by contamination as a consequence of floods and disruption of clean water supplies and sewage treatment after heavy rains and other environmental disasters

Answer 3

gastroenteritis

Question 4

_________ system catalyzes reactions that either detoxify xenobiotics or less commonly convert xenobiotics into active compounds that cause cellular injury

Answer 4

P450 enzyme system

Question 5

Inducers of CYP act by binding to specific nuclear receptors, which then heterodimerize with the ______ to form transcriptional activation complex that associates with promoter elements located in the 5 prime flanking region of CYP genes

Answer 5

retinoic X receptor

Question 6

__________ is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among at-risk individuals with pre-existing pulmonary or cardiac disease

Answer 6

air pollution

Question 7

_______________ is a radioactive gas derived from uranium widely present in soul and in homes can cause lung cancer in uranium minders

Answer 7

radon

Question 8

____________ is used in the manufacture of building materials and may accumulate in the air in poorly ventilated housing

Answer 8

formaldehyde

Question 9

_______ is readily absorbed metal that binds to sulfhydryl groups in proteins and interferes with calcium metabolism, effects that lead to hematologic, skeletal, neurologic, gastrointestinal, and renal toxicities

Answer 9

lead

Question 10

indoor air pollution

so called _______ remains an elusive problem; it may be a consequence of exposure to one or more indoor pollutants, possibly due to poor ventilation

Answer 10

sick-building syndrome

Question 11

iron incorporation into heme is impaired, leading to ________ (small red cells) and anemia

Answer 11

microcytosis

Question 12

lead poisoning

in the peripheral blood the defect in hemoglobin synthesis appears as __________ that is often accompanied by mild hemolysis

Answer 12

microcytic hypochromic anemia

Question 13

lead poisoning

in adults the CNS is less often affected but frequently a peripheral ________ appears typically involving the motor nerves of the most commonly used muscles

Answer 13

peripheral demyelinating neuropathy

Question 14

like lead, ____ binds to sulfhydryl groups in certain proteins with high affinity, leading to damage in the CNS and the kidney

Answer 14

mercury

Question 15

mercury

the medical disorders associated with minamata episode became known as _______ disease and includes cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, intellectual disability, and major CNS defects

Answer 15

minamata disease

Question 16

____________ interfere with several aspects of cellular metabolism

Answer 16

arsenic

Question 17

arsenic

cardiovascular effetcs include hypertension and prolonged ______ interval with ventricular arrythmias

Answer 17

QT interval

Question 18

______ is preferentially toxic to the kidneys and the lungs through uncertain mechanisms that may involve increased production of the ROS

Answer 18

cadmium

Question 19

cadmium-containing water used to irrigate rice fields in japan caused a disease in postmenopausal woman known as ______, a combination of osteoporosis and osteomalacia associated with renal disease

Answer 19

itai-itai

Question 20

_______ and ____________ are found in degreasing and dry cleaning agents and paint removers

acute exposure to high levels of these agents can cause dizziness, and confusion, CNS depression, and even coma

Answer 20

chloroform and carbon tetrachloride

Question 21

occupational exposure to ________ and __________ increases the risk of leukemia

Answer 21

benzene and 1.3-butadiene

Question 22

_____________ are released during the combustion of coal and gas, particularly at the high temperatures used in steel foundries and also are present in tar and soot

Answer 22

polycyclic hydrocarbons

Question 23

__________ (and halogenated organic compounds in general) are synthetic products that rest degradation and are lipophilic

Answer 23

organochlorines

Question 24

________ and _________ can cause skin disorders such as folliculitis and acneiform dermatosis known as chloracne which consists of acne, cyst formation, hyperpigmentation, and hyperketosis, generally around the face and behind the ears

Answer 24

Dioxins and PCBs

Question 25

despite all the attention given to illicit drugs such as cocaine and opiates, ______ is a far more widespread hazard and claims many more lives

Answer 25

alcohol abuse

Question 26

at high blood alcohol levels, however the microsomal ________- system also plays an important role
this system involves P-450 enzymes particularly the______ isoform located in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 26

ethanol oxidizing system
CYP2E1

Question 27

________, the direct product of alcohol oxidation, has many toxic effects and is responsible for some of the acute effects of alcohol

Answer 27

acetaldehyde

Question 28

alcohol oxidation by ________- causes the reduction of NAD to NADH with a consequent decrease in NAD and increase of NADH

Answer 28

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 29

_______ metabolism of ethanol in the liver by CYP2E1 produces reactive oxygen species which causes lipid peroxidation of hepatocyte membranes

Answer 29

ROS generation

Question 30

alcoholism

___________ exerts its effects mainly on the CNS, but it may induce hepatic and gastric changes that are reversible if alcohol consumption is discontinued

Answer 30

Acute alcoholism

Question 31

alcoholism

___________- affects not only the liver and stomach but virtually all other organs and tissues as well

Answer 31

chronic alcoholism

Question 32

alcoholism

the ______ is the main site of chronic injury

Cirrhosis is associated with portal hypertension and an increased risk for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma

Answer 32

liver

Question 33

alcoholism

_______ (B1) deficiency is common in chronic alcoholics; the principal lesions resulting from this deficiency are peripheral neuropathies and _______

Answer 33

Thiamine
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 34

alcoholism

pancreas; excessive alcohol intake increases the risk of ____ and _________

Answer 34

acute and chronic pancreatitis