FEMAL GENITAL TRACT (INFECTION; VULVA; VAGINA; CERVIX)

Question 1

___________is a DNA virus belonging to the
Herpesviridae family. There are two serotypes:
o HSV-1, which primarily causes oral infections but
can also cause genital infections.
o HSV-2, which is the main cause of genital herpes

Answer 1

Herpies simplex virus

Question 2

________is part of the normal vaginal microfora. Pathology
results from disturbance in the vagina’s microbial
ecosystem.
* Common yeast infection that is not sexually transmitted
Risk factors: Antibiotics, diabetes, pregnancy,
immunosuppression (compromises neutrophil or Th17 T cell function)

Answer 2

candida

Question 3

A large, fagellated ovoid protozoan that is sexually
transmitted.
Strawberry cervix: Marked dilation of cervical mucosal
vessels, leading to a characteristic red punctate
appearance.
* Ping-pong efect: Infections are easily transmitted back
and forth between sexual partners.

Answer 3

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 4

_____________(PID) is an ascending infection
that originates in the vulva or vagina and spreads to the
upper female genital tract, involving structures such as the
fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries. It presents with
pelvic pain, adnexal tenderness, fever, and vaginal
discharge.

Answer 4

pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 5

Infection of the Bartholin gland results in acute infammation
(adenitis) and abscess formation. This can obstruct the Bartholin
duct, leading to a Bartholin cyst, which may occur at any age.

Morphology: lined by transition/squamous epithelium
can grow up to 3-5cm causing pain and discomfort

Answer 5

bartholin cyst

Question 6

_________ refers to opaque, white, plaque-like epithelial
thickening that may cause pruritus and scaling. __________is a clinical term, not a specific disease, and may result from benign,
premalignant, or malignant conditions, including:
* Infammatory dermatoses (e.g., psoriasis, chronic
dermatitis).
* Lichen sclerosus and squamous cell hyperplasia.
* Neoplasias, including vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia
(VIN), Paget disease, and invasive carcinoma.

Answer 6

Leukoplakia

Question 7

Non Neoplastic epithelial disorders

Presents as smooth, white plaques or macules, which
may enlarge and coalesce over time, producing a surface
that resembles porcelain or parchment.
* In severe cases, the entire vulva becomes atrophic and
agglutinated, leading to narrowing of the vaginal orifce.
* Morphology:
o Marked epidermal thinning.
o Degeneration of basal epithelial cells.
o Hyperkeratosis.
o Sclerosis of the superfcial dermis.
o Lymphocytic infltrate in the deeper dermis.

Answer 7

Lichen sclerosus

Question 8

Benign exophytic lesions
Genital warts caused by low-risk HPV types 6 and 11.
* May be solitary or multifocal, afecting the vulva,
perineum, perianal region, vagina, and cervix.
* Histology:
o Papillary, exophytic growth with tree-like cores of
stroma

Answer 8

Condyloma Acuminatum

Question 9

Condyloma Acuminatum is caused by ___________

Answer 9

Low risk HPV types 6 and 11

Question 10

Squamous neoplastic lesions

___________uncommon malignant neoplasm, accounting
for 3% of all female genital cancers. It occurs mostly in women over
60 years old. Common histologic type: Squamous cell carcinoma.

Answer 10

vulvar carcinoma

Question 11

Glandular neoplastic lesions
Similar to Paget disease of the breast, but usually without
an underlying carcinoma.
* Presents as a pruritic, red, crusted, map-like lesion,
typically on the labia majora.
* Histology:
o Paget cells are larger than keratinocytes and
appear singly or in clusters within the epidermis.

Answer 11

Extramammary Paget Disease

Question 12

Developmental Anomalies of the Vagina

Results from incomplete fusion of the müllerian ducts
during fetal development.
* Often associated with uterus didelphys, where two
separate uterine cavities are present.
* May arise due to genetic factors or in utero exposure to
diethylstilbestrol (DES).

Answer 12

Septate/Double vagina

Question 13

Developmental Anomalies of the Vagina

During normal development, the vagina is initially lined by
columnar epithelium, which originates from the müllerian
ducts. This epithelium is typically replaced by squamous
epithelium derived from the urogenital sinus

Answer 13

Vaginal Adenosis

Question 14

Developmental Anomalies

Gartner duct cysts arise from persistent remnants of the
Wolfian (mesonephric) ducts, which typically regress in
females during development. These cysts are fuid-flled
structures that appear on the lateral walls of the vagina.
They are usually small and asymptomatic, but larger cysts
may cause discomfort or obstruction.

Answer 14

Gartner Duct cyst