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anatomy 2 > mechanics of breathing > Flashcards

mechanics of breathing Flashcards

1
Q

how many pairs of ribs

A

12

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2
Q

ribs derived from

A

paraxial mesoderm/sclerotome of somites

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3
Q

sternum derived from

A

somatopleure

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4
Q

3 parts of the sternum

A

manubrium/body/xiphoid

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5
Q

false ribs

A

share a costal cartilage with the rib above

3 pairs

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6
Q

floating ribs

A

don’t contribute to the costal margin - rib pairs 11 and 12

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7
Q

2 types posterior costal joints

A

costovertebral

costotransverse

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8
Q

costovertebral

A

synovial joint - cartilage on either side with fluid in between
rib head articulates with facet/demifacets

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9
Q

costotrasverse

A

synovial joint

rib tubercle articulates with transverse facets

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10
Q

facet of true rib

A

cup shaped - allows ribs to flare superior-laterally

articulates with transverse facet in costotransverse joint

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11
Q

facet of false rib

A

plane facet (more flat) - allows lower thorax to open out (rotate out)

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12
Q

facet of floating ribs

A

floating ribs don’t have a costotransverse joint

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13
Q

how many false rib pairs

A

3

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14
Q

which are false ribs

A

8, 9 ,10

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15
Q

synovial joints movement

A

sternocosstal joints 2-7
relatively mobile
can move in all planes, just constrained

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16
Q

synchrondoses

A

cartilaginous immovable joints

  • all ribs with costal cartilages
  • 1st stenrocostal joint is not mobile because it formss a fulcrum
  • xiphisternal joint
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17
Q

1st sternocostal joint

A

synchrondoses joinnt

immovable

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18
Q

symphysis joint

A

cartilaginous movable joint

manubriosternal joint

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19
Q

manubriosternal joint

A

bends and flexes with respiration
sternal angle becomes more acute with inspiration
the joint bends/flexes more

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20
Q

pump handle movement of the chest wall

A

ribe 1 lifts the manubrium and pulls sternum forward
moves all true and false ribs
rotations of sternocostal joints 2-7

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21
Q

bucket handle movement of the chest wall

A

true ribs 1-7 elevate

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22
Q

calliper movement of the chest wall

A

false ribs 8-10 act on the costal margin, not sternum
widen laterally - widen costal margin
A shape becomes broader

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23
Q

floating ribs action

A

support diaphragm and spread
lengthen thorax

anchor points for other muscles to attach to

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24
Q

quiet - tidal respiration

A

inspiration - active

expiration - passive

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25
Q

inspiration in tidal respiration

A

mostly diaphragm, but also intercostals and scalenes

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26
Q

expiration in tidal breathing

A

elastic recoil of muscles and lungs, cartilages and ribs

27
Q

IVC when the diaphragm contracts

A

widens slightly - blood flow and venous return

28
Q

aorta passes through

A

aortic hiatus between the two crura at T 12

29
Q

oesophagus passes through

A

muscle of the crus at T10

30
Q

IVC passes through

A

central tendon at T8

31
Q

external intercostals

A

situated posteriorly, don’t attach to costal cartilages

external intercostal membrane on superficial side

32
Q

internal intercostals

A

2 types

33
Q

2 types of internal intercostals

A

parasternal and interosseous

34
Q

innermost intercostals

A

very similar to internals but more transverse
not continuous throughout the thorax
active during inspiration and expiration
dynamic changes in chest and compliance

35
Q

intercostal space and contents

A

neuromuscular bundles in costal groove

36
Q

deeper respiration

A

accessory muscles used because tidal muscles alone do not suffice
- elevate upper ribs and spread lower ribs

37
Q

scalenes and sternocleidomastoid

A

lift the first rib or prevent depression

38
Q

serrates posterior

A

usually very thin
superior - lift upper ribs
inferior - depress lower ribs

39
Q

quadrates lumborum

A

holds rib 12 down

40
Q

postural muscles

A

maximum lung volume is dependant on posture

scapular retractors and vertebral extensors

41
Q

scapular retractors

A

trapezius, rhomboids, latissimus dorsi

42
Q

vertebral extensors

A

erector spinal groups

43
Q

forced exhalation

A

internal and anterior externals intercostals

abdominal wall muscles - ractus abdomens, external and intercostal oblique, transverses abdominus - flatten the abdomen and organs are pushed into the diaphragm to force it upwards

44
Q

using limb muscles to breathe

A

pectoral girdle muscle elevate ribs if upper limbs are fixed to something

45
Q

residual volume

A

air you cannot exhale

46
Q

pluearal pressure

A

always negative

47
Q

pleural pressure becomes more negative

A

during inspiration

48
Q

mesothelium

A

is serous secreting

space in the pleura cannot be compressed

49
Q

cupula recess

A

slightly above the first rib

1-3cm above clavicular head

50
Q

costomediastinal recess

A

either side of the sternum, between the body wall and pericardium

51
Q

3 pleural recesses

A

scapula
costomediastinal
costodiaphragmatic

52
Q

pleural recesses exist because

A

the lungs cannot fill all the space they have

53
Q

costodiaphragmatic recess

A

lungs stop higher than pleura

  • lungs extend to rib 8, pleura extends to rib 10
  • pleura extends to rib 12 posteriorly
54
Q

clinical implications of the cupola

A

vulnerable in babies because of short necks

injury o lower necks may result in puncture or irritation

55
Q

clinical implications of costodiaphragmatic pleura

A

implications for abdominal surgery
abdominal incision sites - right infrasternal angle and costovertabral angles - if pierced may cause collapse of the lung or other pathology
thoracentesis/chest tube - to sample fluid, blood or excess fluid from pleural space - need to go into the 9th intercostal space in midaxillary line (without damaging the lung)

56
Q

clinical implications of costomediastinal pleural recess

A

pericardiocentesis - sampling/draining pericardial fluid
left infrasternal angle, whilst supine
allows safe sampling of pericardial fluid using a needle without damaging the pleura or the lung

57
Q

apertures

A

small superior aperture and large inferior aperture

58
Q

increasing venous return to the heart

A

when breathing in
diaphragm contracts and goes down
creates negative pressure in the thorax
helps venous return

59
Q

external muscles pattern of action

A

posteror and superior fibres mechanically favour inspiration
anterior and inferior fares mechanically favour expiration

60
Q

internal parasternal

A

inspiratory

61
Q

internal interosseous

A

expiratory

62
Q

pelvic floor muscles during forced expiration

A

pelvic floor muscle must be active and raise

63
Q

pectoral girdle in inspiration

A

can elevate ribs if the upper libs are fixed to something

common in COPD patients

anatomy 2 (22 decks)

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