liver and biliary system

Question 1

4 lobes of the liver

Answer 1

left, right, caudate and quadrate

Question 2

functional anatomy of the liver

Answer 2

8 functional lobes

each has hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct - each has portal triad

Question 3

2 functional lobes of the liver

Answer 3

defined by the principle line
- traces the line of the middle hepatic vein
imaginary line roughly from the gall bladder fossa to the IVC

Question 4

hexagonal lobules

Answer 4

reflect joining between the porto-caval systems

each has two inputs and 2 outputs

Question 5

lobule concepts

Answer 5

blood and bile move in opposite directions
bile moves from the cell toward the triad
hepatic blood flow flows toward the central vein
portal vein blood flow also flows toward the central vein
one vein can drain up to 6 triads

Question 6

classical lobule idea

Answer 6

concerned with venous drainage

supplied 6 triads

Question 7

portal lobule idea

Answer 7

concerned mainly with bile drainage

Question 8

liver acinus

Answer 8

emphasis on the secretory function of the liver

Question 9

zones of liver acinus

Answer 9

defined by proximity to hepatic arterioles
zone 1 - closest
zone 2 - intermediate transitional zone
zone 3 - furthest from hepatic arterioles

Question 10

zone 1

Answer 10

closest

cells are last to die if circulation is impaired and first to regenerate

Question 11

zone 3

Answer 11

furthest from hepatic arterioles
first to show ischaemic necrosis and fat accumulation
last to respond to toxic substances
- site of drug and alcohol detoxification

Question 12

hepatocytes

Answer 12

80% of cells in the liver
large polyhedral cells with large round nuclei
secrete bile apical surface has microvilli
tight junctions between cells

Question 13

stellate cells

Answer 13

role in regeneration and Vit A storage and transport

Question 14

space between hepatocytes and epithelial cells

Answer 14

narrow perisinusoidal space
plasma can freely enter through openings in sinusoids
macrophages attached to epithelium

Question 15

hepatocytes are separated from the bloodstream by

Answer 15

discontinuous simply squamous epithelium of the sinusoids

Question 16

liver capsule

Answer 16

sub capsular bleeds can be easily contained - better chance of survival

Question 17

biliary system

Answer 17

an out pouching system of the foregut, mostly derived from the hepatic diverticulum

Question 18

bile is

Answer 18

made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder

released into the duodenum, emulsifies dietary fats

Question 19

bile is reabsorbed through the

Answer 19

colon

transported back to the liver via the portal system

Question 20

components of the the biliary system

Answer 20

right and left hepatic ducts, combine to make the common hepatic duct
cystic duct and common hepatic duct combine to make the common bile duct
main pancreatic duct and the common bile duct connect at the major duodenal papilla

Question 21

right and left hepatic ducts combine to create the

Answer 21

common hepatic duct

Question 22

common hepatic duct combines with the scystic duct to form the

Answer 22

common bile duct

Question 23

common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join at

Answer 23

the major duodenal papilla

Question 24

the gall bladder

Answer 24

concentrates bile by reabsorbing fluid

Question 25

gall bladder epithelium

Answer 25

simple columnar with microvilli to help with water absorption

Question 26

gall bladder sucks bile up using

Answer 26

vacuum pressure

pressure sucks bile back into the gallbladder

Question 27

gall bladder smooth muscle

Answer 27

no muscular mucosa or submucosa

Question 28

gall bladder mucous glands

Answer 28

no mucous glands

some around the neck - usually only in cases where the gall bladder is inflamed

Question 29

gall bladder adventitia

Answer 29

can have serosa on one side and adventitia on the other

because its intraperitoneal

Question 30

exocrine pancreas

Answer 30

series of tubolacinar glands

Question 31

tubuloacinar glands

Answer 31

lobules with serous secretory units (acini)
very short intralobular ducts
apical cytoplasm full of secretory vesicles making digestive enzymes