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anatomy 2 > histological patterns in the gut tube > Flashcards

histological patterns in the gut tube Flashcards

1
Q

lumen

A

cavity inside tube for passage of substrate

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2
Q

mucosa

A

epithelium
lamina propria - CT supporting the epithelium
muscularis mucosa

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3
Q

lamina propia

A

CT supporting the peithium in the mucosa

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4
Q

submucosa

A

loose CT with nerves and blood vessels

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5
Q

muscularis externa

A

inner - circular (thickened into sphincters in places)

outer - longitudinal

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6
Q

adventitia/serosa

A

adventitia - retroperitoneal surfaces

serosa - peritoneal surfaces

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7
Q

tubes that are retroperitoneal have

A

adventitia

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8
Q

oesophagus

A

stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinised)

transport of rough and dry foods

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9
Q

oesophagus starts from

A

cricopharyngeus muscle

at the lower border of inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx

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10
Q

cricopharyngeus muscle

A

upper sphincter of the oesophagus

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11
Q

muscle actions of the oesophagus

A

skeletal muscle in the upper oesophagus - rapid movement of food past the airway
smooth muscle - distal end, provides peristaltic wave contraction and is energetically efficient

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12
Q

smooth muscle of the oesophagus

A

middle has a combination of smooth and skeletal muscle

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13
Q

skeletal muscle

A

circular and longitudinal layers in the muscularis externa

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14
Q

epithelium of the oesophagus

A

stratified squamous epithelium

  • abrasive protection from dry and larger sized food
  • not keratinised, moist surface
  • no digestion or absorption here
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15
Q

mucous glands in oesophagus

A

in mucosa and submucosa

- lubricates the passage

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16
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A

fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal

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17
Q

storage of the stomach

A

0.2L - 4L
rugae in mucosa allow for expansion and contraction
extent of rugae is indicative of distension of stomach

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18
Q

what gets trapped in the fundus

A

gas - burps

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19
Q

control of the stomach

A

sphincters

  • cardiac sphincter at the proximal end with the oesophagus
  • pyloric sphincter with the duodenum
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20
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

prevents reflux with help from the diaphragm

assisted by diaphragm contraction

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21
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

releases aliquots of chyme to duodenum
much thinker than cardiac
smooth muscle

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22
Q

digestion

A

mechanical - additional oblique muscle layer for churning

enzymatic and acid - from gastric glands

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23
Q

protection of the stomach

A
  1. from its own acids - mucus lining (alkaline) from secretory sheath and neck regions of glands
  2. from pathogens - acids and enzymes hell kill pH 1.5-3
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24
Q

pH of stomach

A

1.5 - 3

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25
Q

absorption in the stomach

A

only some
simply columnar epithelium
water and some medicines

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26
Q

fundus

A

surface epithelial cells produce mucus and form mucus pits
straight gland orientation
chief cells and parietal cells
G cells and D cells found in the deep body of these glands

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27
Q

chief cells

A

produce pepsinogen which is a precursor for pepsin

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28
Q

parietal cells

A

large cells, acidophilic cytoplasm

on the parietal side of the gland

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29
Q

G and D cells in the fundus

A

mostly G cells which secrete gastrin

  • triggers HCL secretion from parietal cells
  • converts pepsinogen to active pepsin form
30
Q

pyloric part of the stomach

A

coiled mucous glands with deep bits
mainly chief cells
D-cells are common, as somostatin inhibits G cells
acid homeostasis

31
Q

main function of the small intestine

A

absorption of nutrient and water - large surface area

auto regulation and propulsion

32
Q

auto regulation and propulsion in small intestine

A

smooth muscle peristalsis of muscular externa

goblet cells/mucus glands

33
Q

place circulares in the small intestine

A

submucosal and mucosal folds
make the diameter of the lumen small so when things are going through they cover the walls
wall are in contact with substrate to allow for absorption to occur

34
Q

villi in the small intestine

A

increase surface area
epithelial cells line the villi
villi line the plicae circulars

35
Q

microvilli in the small intestine

A

line the epithelial cells on the villi
micro folds in the cell membrane - brush border
increase surface area

36
Q

duodenum

A

simple columnar microvilli and very few goblet cells
large villi with crypts - larger compared to others
place circulars

37
Q

villi in the duodenum

A

really large

38
Q

place circularis in the duodenum

A

some

mainly further down

39
Q

function of the duodenum

A

chemical digestion

some absorption’s

40
Q

chemical digestion in the duodenum

A

biliary secretions enter via the duodenal papilla and stomach acids

41
Q

how does the duodenum avoid digesting itself

A

submucosal glands secrete alkaline mucous via ducts

large gland concentrates mucous in one area

42
Q

why are there no goblet cells in the duodenum

A

not needed in the duct system - submucosal glands instead

43
Q

jejunum and ileum

A

simply columnar microvilli and goblet cells with no submucosal glands

44
Q

jejunum

A

upper 2/5 of the small intestine
many place circulars
large villi
short crypts

45
Q

ileum

A

lower 3/5 of the small intestine
fewer place circulars
thin/small villi
deeper crypts

46
Q

absorption of nutrients and water

A

highly vascular - transports absorbed carbs and proteins

lacteals - lymphatic vessels that transport absorbed fats

47
Q

auto regulation and propulsion in the jejunum and ileum

A

smooth muscle - peristalsis of muscular externa

controlled via myenteric nerve plexus

48
Q

lacteals

A

lymphatic vessels that transport absorbed fats
within a villous
thin walled structure

49
Q

myenteric nerve plexus

A

post ganglionic nerves of parasympathetic system
found between circular and longitudinal layers of muscular externa
deep fibres penetrate to become submucosal plexus

50
Q

protection of the jejunum and ileum from pathogens

A

Peyer’s patches of the ileum - lymph nodules in mucosa (MALT) and submucosa
specialised intraepithelial pockets - contain B and T cells
paneth cells in crypts - secrete lysozyme

51
Q

what has peyer’s patches

A

ileum

52
Q

what are peyer’s patches

A

lymph nodules in the mucosa (MALT) and submucosa

distinguishes ileum from jejunum

53
Q

what happens to peyer’s patches

A

involute during adulthood

54
Q

paneth cells

A

secrete lysozyme
regulate bacterial environment in crops
more In ileum, also found in appendix

55
Q

protection of the jejunum and ileum from faeces

A

more goblet cells in ileum than jejunum

increases towards colon

56
Q

intraepithelial pockets in the jejunum and ileum contain

A

T and B cells

57
Q

only the ileum has

A

peyer’s patches

58
Q

large intestine

A

reabsorbed water and bile

dries faeces

59
Q

large intestine dies faeces

A

increaing number of goblet cells, no villi, only crypts

glands in lamina propria

60
Q

slow propulsion in large intestine

A

haustra made by longitudinal mascularis externa

  • 3 stripes of taeniae coli
  • work with peristalsis od circular layer
61
Q

defecation triggered by

A

triggered by rectal distension and eating

62
Q

taeniae coli

A

3 bands along the large intestine
smooth muscle bands running the length of the large intestine and dissipate when reaching the rectum
do peristalsis with the circular muscles in the muscular externa
active during defecation

63
Q

vermiform appendix

A 
similar structure to the rest of the colon 
no taeniae coli 
thick muscularis externa with ring of lymphoid nodules 
function uncertain
64
Q

function of the vermiform appendix

A

uncertain

unique microbiome

65
Q

anorectal junction

A

splanchnopleure meets somatopleure
changes from simple columnar to stratified squamous
anal canal is non-keratinised

66
Q

is anal canal keratinised

A

no

67
Q

haehorrhoidal vessels

A

in the submucosa of the anorectal junction

superior and inferior vessels - above and below the external anal sphincter

68
Q

internal sphincter

A

is involuntary - smooth muscle

69
Q

external anal sphincter

A

voluntary - skeletal muscle

70
Q

Hilton white line separates

A

two sphincters - internal and external anal sphincters

anatomy 2 (22 decks)

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