endocrine anatomy Flashcards
pituitary gland is situated
in the sella turcica (pituitary fossa) of the sphenoid bone
crinoid processes
4 processes making a 4 poster bed like shape around the pituitary gland
hypothalamic hypophyseal tract
connects neutrons of hypothalamic nuclei to their release site n the posterior pituitary
portal venous system of the pituitary gland
connecting the venous dranage of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
colloid filled space in the pituitary gland
remnant of rathke’s pouch
anterior pituitary
glandular tissue
pars nervosa is closer to
posterior pituitary
posterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via
infundibulum
pars tuberalis
wrapped around the infundibulum
delivers higher degree of vasculature through the pituitary stalk
cells in pars tubralis
basophilic
secrete ACTH, FSH, LH
pars tuberalis brings vasculature to
the infundibulum
pars distalis
acidophils - secrete GH and prolactin
basophils - secretion ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH
pars distalis closer to
anterior pituitary
pars intermedia
mostly basophils
secrete malanocyte simulating hormone (chromophobe cells, meaning cytoplasm is clear)
neurohyphysis
posterior pituitary
posterior pituitary stores
anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin which are synthesised in the hypothalamus
ADH synthesised in
supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
Oxytocin synthesised in
paraventricular nucleus
herring bodies
swollen nerve terminals that are full of either ADH or oxytocin
what stimulates release of herring body contents
pituicytes
pinealocytes
large cells with pale round nuclei surrounded by pale cytoplasm
secrete melatonin rhythmically (circadian rhythm)
astrocytes
star shaped glial cells wth very dark nuclei
maintenance cell
brain sand
corpora arenacea
composition of calcium and magnesium salts
thyroid glad is two lobes connected by
an isthmus
superior and middle thyroid veins drain to
internal jugular vein
inferior thyroid vein
JV or brachiocephalic
external carotid supplies
superior thyroid arteries
sabclavians supply
inferior thyroid arteries
pain in the thyroid
parasympathetic component from vagus which carries visceral sensation
thyroid lobule
bunch of follicles
in a fascial capsule
thyroid follicles
storage lake full of thyroglobulin
TSH stimulates
follicular cells to ingest thyroglobulin via endocytes from the lake
T3 and T4 are cleaved from thyroglobulin and released into blood stream
parafollicular cells
C cells
grainy cells between follicles
secrete calcitonin - acts by inhibiting osteoclasts which reduces serum calcium
chief cells secrete
parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone counters
calcitonin
PTH stimulates
stimulates osteoclast activity which raises serum calcium via bone resorption
increases GIt absorption of calcium
oxyphillic cells
less abundant and often clustered
only appear at 6-7yo and increase with age
purpose unclear
adrenal glands are located
on top of the kidney
primary retroperitoneal
blood supply of the adrenal glands
paired adrenal arteries from abdomnal aorta
arteries supply the cortex first
drainage of the adrenal glands
drains in cortex to medulla direction
central adrenomedullary vein to the renal vein
the right adrenal gland can drain directly into
the IVC
innervation off the adrenal glands
sympathetics from the adrenocortcal ganglion
parasympathetics from the vagus nerve
medulla histology
large blood vessels centrally
chromaffin cells
light pale nuclleou, pale basophilic cytoplasm
synthesised and secrete adrenaline and noradenrealine
zona glomerulus
small curved cell columns, dark round nuclei
spongy appearance
secretes mineralocorticoids
zona fasciculata
roughly 3/4 of the Cortex
radially oriented fascicle like tubes of cells
separated by fenestrated capillaries
very pale contents that appear spongy
zona recularis
branched cords of cells with sinusoidal space between smaller cells least spongy looking secretes androgens not fully present until 3yoo
PP cells
secrete pancreatic polypeptide
unregulated gastric chief cells
inhibits bile, pancreatic enzyme, bicarbonate secretions and intestine motility
what does pancreatic polypeptide do
unregulated gastric chief cells (pepsinogen secretion)
inhibits bile, pancreatic enzyme, bicarbonate secretions and intestine motility
