endocrine anatomy

Question 1

pituitary gland is situated

Answer 1

in the sella turcica (pituitary fossa) of the sphenoid bone

Question 2

crinoid processes

Answer 2

4 processes making a 4 poster bed like shape around the pituitary gland

Question 3

hypothalamic hypophyseal tract

Answer 3

connects neutrons of hypothalamic nuclei to their release site n the posterior pituitary

Question 4

portal venous system of the pituitary gland

Answer 4

connecting the venous dranage of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

Question 5

colloid filled space in the pituitary gland

Answer 5

remnant of rathke’s pouch

Question 6

anterior pituitary

Answer 6

glandular tissue

Question 7

pars nervosa is closer to

Answer 7

posterior pituitary

Question 8

posterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via

Answer 8

infundibulum

Question 9

pars tuberalis

Answer 9

wrapped around the infundibulum

delivers higher degree of vasculature through the pituitary stalk

Question 10

cells in pars tubralis

Answer 10

basophilic

secrete ACTH, FSH, LH

Question 11

pars tuberalis brings vasculature to

Answer 11

the infundibulum

Question 12

pars distalis

Answer 12

acidophils - secrete GH and prolactin

basophils - secretion ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH

Question 13

pars distalis closer to

Answer 13

anterior pituitary

Question 14

pars intermedia

Answer 14

mostly basophils

secrete malanocyte simulating hormone (chromophobe cells, meaning cytoplasm is clear)

Question 15

neurohyphysis

Answer 15

posterior pituitary

Question 16

posterior pituitary stores

Answer 16

anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin which are synthesised in the hypothalamus

Question 17

ADH synthesised in

Answer 17

supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 18

Oxytocin synthesised in

Answer 18

paraventricular nucleus

Question 19

herring bodies

Answer 19

swollen nerve terminals that are full of either ADH or oxytocin

Question 20

what stimulates release of herring body contents

Answer 20

pituicytes

Question 21

pinealocytes

Answer 21

large cells with pale round nuclei surrounded by pale cytoplasm
secrete melatonin rhythmically (circadian rhythm)

Question 22

astrocytes

Answer 22

star shaped glial cells wth very dark nuclei

maintenance cell

Question 23

brain sand

Answer 23

corpora arenacea

composition of calcium and magnesium salts

Question 24

thyroid glad is two lobes connected by

Answer 24

an isthmus

Question 25

superior and middle thyroid veins drain to

Answer 25

internal jugular vein

Question 26

inferior thyroid vein

Answer 26

JV or brachiocephalic

Question 27

external carotid supplies

Answer 27

superior thyroid arteries

Question 28

sabclavians supply

Answer 28

inferior thyroid arteries

Question 29

pain in the thyroid

Answer 29

parasympathetic component from vagus which carries visceral sensation

Question 30

thyroid lobule

Answer 30

bunch of follicles | in a fascial capsule

Question 31

thyroid follicles

Answer 31

storage lake full of thyroglobulin

Question 32

TSH stimulates

Answer 32

follicular cells to ingest thyroglobulin via endocytes from the lake T3 and T4 are cleaved from thyroglobulin and released into blood stream

Question 33

parafollicular cells

Answer 33

C cells grainy cells between follicles secrete calcitonin - acts by inhibiting osteoclasts which reduces serum calcium

Question 34

chief cells secrete

Answer 34

parathyroid hormone

Question 35

parathyroid hormone counters

Answer 35

calcitonin

Question 36

PTH stimulates

Answer 36

stimulates osteoclast activity which raises serum calcium via bone resorption increases GIt absorption of calcium

Question 37

oxyphillic cells

Answer 37

less abundant and often clustered only appear at 6-7yo and increase with age purpose unclear

Question 38

adrenal glands are located

Answer 38

on top of the kidney | primary retroperitoneal

Question 39

blood supply of the adrenal glands

Answer 39

paired adrenal arteries from abdomnal aorta | arteries supply the cortex first

Question 40

drainage of the adrenal glands

Answer 40

drains in cortex to medulla direction | central adrenomedullary vein to the renal vein

Question 41

the right adrenal gland can drain directly into

Answer 41

the IVC

Question 42

innervation off the adrenal glands

Answer 42

sympathetics from the adrenocortcal ganglion | parasympathetics from the vagus nerve

Question 43

medulla histology

Answer 43

large blood vessels centrally

Question 44

chromaffin cells

Answer 44

light pale nuclleou, pale basophilic cytoplasm | synthesised and secrete adrenaline and noradenrealine

Question 45

zona glomerulus

Answer 45

small curved cell columns, dark round nuclei spongy appearance secretes mineralocorticoids

Question 46

zona fasciculata

Answer 46

roughly 3/4 of the Cortex radially oriented fascicle like tubes of cells separated by fenestrated capillaries very pale contents that appear spongy

Question 47

zona recularis

Answer 47

``` branched cords of cells with sinusoidal space between smaller cells least spongy looking secretes androgens not fully present until 3yoo ```

Question 48

PP cells

Answer 48

secrete pancreatic polypeptide unregulated gastric chief cells inhibits bile, pancreatic enzyme, bicarbonate secretions and intestine motility

Question 49

what does pancreatic polypeptide do

Answer 49

unregulated gastric chief cells (pepsinogen secretion) | inhibits bile, pancreatic enzyme, bicarbonate secretions and intestine motility