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anatomy 2 > anatomy and histology of the respiratory tract > Flashcards

anatomy and histology of the respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

conchae

A

warms and humidifies air
boney structure covered in mucosal membrane
large wet and warm surface area

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2
Q

larynx

A

structures enclosed by the thyroid cartilage

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3
Q

epiglottis

A

passive cartilaginous structure

held open by ligament, closed by fluid/food during swallowing

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4
Q

epiglottis duding swallowing

A

closed - so food doesn’t go into the airway

food goes around the sides

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5
Q

trachea

A

16 C shaped rings
C shape closed by smooth muscle (trachialis muscle)
allows room for oesophageal expansion (needed when swallowing food)

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6
Q

where does the trachea bifurcate

A

at the T4/T5 segment

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7
Q

how many C shaped rings

A

16

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8
Q

the lung generally

A

in the thoracic cavity on either side of the mediastinum, each surrounded by the plural cavity
lined by visceral pluera
suspended in the thoracic cavity
attached to the mediastinum via pulmonary root and ligament

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9
Q

lung is attached to the mediastinum via the

A

pulmonary root and ligament

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10
Q

lung is lined with

A

visceral pleura

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11
Q

lung is suspended in the

A

thoracic cavity

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12
Q

morphology of the lung

A

conical shape
rounded apex
broader base

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13
Q

3 surfaces of the lung

A

diaphragmatic surface
costal
mediastinal

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14
Q

the carina

A

where the trachea bifurcates into the bronchi

last area that has a cough reflex

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15
Q

cough reflex controlled through

A

vagus nerve

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16
Q

which bronchi is bigger

A

right

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17
Q

morphology differences in the bronchi

A

right is steeper and shorter

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18
Q

left lung

A

2 lobes
cardiac notch
lingula - occurs because of the cardiac notch

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19
Q

right lung

A

3 lobes

not always - often the horizontal fissure is incomplete or not present

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20
Q

pulmonary ligament

A

feature of the pulmonary root

a type of pulmonary mesentery

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21
Q

pulmonary root

A

feature surrounding the hilum

where the primary blood vessels and nerves and bronchi are going into the hilum

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22
Q

bronchi, bronchial arteries and pulmonary arteries

A

travel together

enter hilum superiorly

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23
Q

bronchial vessels

A

usually from ventral half of the aorta

supply connective tissue of lung as far as respiratory bronchioles

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24
Q

right lung drains to

A

azygous system

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25
left lung drains to
hemiazygous system
26
impressions
subclavian vien/artery make an impression in the top anterior surface of the right lung brachiocephalic vein and left subclavian artery make an impression on the top anterior of the left lung rib impressions ascending and descending component of the aorta make an impression on the left lung azygous impression on the right lung oesophagus and trachea make an impression
27
azygous impression found on which lung
right lung
28
bronchiopulmonary segments
functional units of a lung the tertiary bronchus and the arterial branch supplying it includes surrounding CT and bound with independent septa
29
how many bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung
10
30
how many bronchopulmonary segments In the left lung
9-10 due to the heart taking up some space
31
which lobes have more segments
the lower lobes because they have more surface area to hold them
32
lymphatics of the lung
distributed with blood vessels output flow direction - collect from along the bronchus feed into pulmonary nodes around bronchi
33
hilar nodes
found in the hilum of the lung appear dark due to collected carbon from air easier to see than pulmonary nodes
34
lung innervation
general visceral afferents - touch and stretch, noxious stimuli in airways
35
noxious stimuli
chemical irritants, ischaemia, excessive stretch
36
parasympathetic lung innervation
vagal branches effect - bronchoconstriction and vasodilation secretomotor to mucosal tissues
37
sympathetic lung innervation
T1-5 sympathetic ganglia do vasoconstriction (bronchodilatioon controlled via endocrine activity not nervous)
38
parasympathetic and sympathetic travel as components of
pulmonary plexuses
39
bronchodilation is controlled by
endocrine activity
40
pain in the lung
referred visceral pain pain fibres travel with the sympathetics except for the trachea referred through T1-T5 ganglia can get referred pain through he shoulder but more commonly though the chest as a dull referred pain
41
trachea pain fibres travel with
transmitting pain fibres along the vagal branches instead | not felt in the lungs
42
pleural innervation
pleura take their innervation from the same sources as the tissue they are connected to
43
visceral pleura innervation
ANS and pain is the same as the lungs | sensation fibres only detect stretch
44
parietal innervation
takes innervation from the body wall no parasympathetic fibres suppling the somatopleure doesn't have parasympathetic innervation in the body wall pressure, pain and temp travel with intercostal segmented nerves - able to identify pain specifically to an intercostal segment location local somatic pain
45
parietal pleural pain
local somatic pain | felt to the specific ness of an intercostal segment
46
is there parasympathetic innervation in the body wall
no
47
pain in the diaphragmatic surface and mediastinal surface
referred pain to C3,4,5 through he phrenic nerves
48
conductive tube
conduct air
49
respiratory tube
gas exchange
50
order of the respiratory tree
``` primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs ```
51
functional unit of the respiratory tree
acinus | respiratory bronchiole onwards
52
terminal bronchiole
no more branches coming off
53
respiratory bronchiole
gas exchange starts due to some alveolus
54
alveolar ducts
have alveoli along them at the terminal end - alveolar sac lined by outpoucning alveoli
55
alveolar sac
a bunch of alveoli
56
as you descent the respiratory tree
less cartilage more branches more gas exchange
57
trachea and bronchi
conductive tubes | - respiratory epithelium
58
respiratory epithelium
psuedostratified columnar with goblet cells inbetween and cilia on top not a gas exchange epithelium
59
cilia raft
mucus is excreted by goblet cells psuedostratified columnar cells secretes serous fluid which sits within the cilia mucus sits on the raft and gets shifted
60
goblet cells secrete
mucus
61
psuedostratified columnar cells secrete
serous fluid which sits between the cilia
62
component at the posterior edge of the trachea
trachialis smooth muscle | found in the muscular external of the trachea - replaces the cartilage
63
alveolar ducts terminate at
alveolar sacs
64
type 1 pneumocytes
squamous, large surface area for gas exchange cover 95% of alveolar surface fused basement membrane - blood-air barrier
65
type 2 pneumocyte
mare cuboidal in shape makes up 5% of alveolar lining synthesis and secretion of surfactant - reduces alveolarr fluid accumulation
66
alveolar macrophages
dust cells patrol alveoli - easily observed once they have ingested something
67
primary bronchi differences
primary bronchi - directly off the trachea divde to form the secondary bronchi divide again to form the tertiary bronchi
68
lobar bronchi
secondary bronchi
69
segmental bronchi
tertiary bronchi | supply a bronchial segment

anatomy 2 (22 decks)

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