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anatomy 2 > anatomy and histology of the respiratory tract > Flashcards

anatomy and histology of the respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

conchae

A

warms and humidifies air
boney structure covered in mucosal membrane
large wet and warm surface area

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2
Q

larynx

A

structures enclosed by the thyroid cartilage

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3
Q

epiglottis

A

passive cartilaginous structure

held open by ligament, closed by fluid/food during swallowing

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4
Q

epiglottis duding swallowing

A

closed - so food doesn’t go into the airway

food goes around the sides

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5
Q

trachea

A

16 C shaped rings
C shape closed by smooth muscle (trachialis muscle)
allows room for oesophageal expansion (needed when swallowing food)

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6
Q

where does the trachea bifurcate

A

at the T4/T5 segment

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7
Q

how many C shaped rings

A

16

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8
Q

the lung generally

A

in the thoracic cavity on either side of the mediastinum, each surrounded by the plural cavity
lined by visceral pluera
suspended in the thoracic cavity
attached to the mediastinum via pulmonary root and ligament

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9
Q

lung is attached to the mediastinum via the

A

pulmonary root and ligament

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10
Q

lung is lined with

A

visceral pleura

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11
Q

lung is suspended in the

A

thoracic cavity

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12
Q

morphology of the lung

A

conical shape
rounded apex
broader base

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13
Q

3 surfaces of the lung

A

diaphragmatic surface
costal
mediastinal

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14
Q

the carina

A

where the trachea bifurcates into the bronchi

last area that has a cough reflex

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15
Q

cough reflex controlled through

A

vagus nerve

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16
Q

which bronchi is bigger

A

right

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17
Q

morphology differences in the bronchi

A

right is steeper and shorter

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18
Q

left lung

A

2 lobes
cardiac notch
lingula - occurs because of the cardiac notch

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19
Q

right lung

A

3 lobes

not always - often the horizontal fissure is incomplete or not present

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20
Q

pulmonary ligament

A

feature of the pulmonary root

a type of pulmonary mesentery

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21
Q

pulmonary root

A

feature surrounding the hilum

where the primary blood vessels and nerves and bronchi are going into the hilum

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22
Q

bronchi, bronchial arteries and pulmonary arteries

A

travel together

enter hilum superiorly

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23
Q

bronchial vessels

A

usually from ventral half of the aorta

supply connective tissue of lung as far as respiratory bronchioles

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24
Q

right lung drains to

A

azygous system

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25
Q

left lung drains to

A

hemiazygous system

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26
Q

impressions

A

subclavian vien/artery make an impression in the top anterior surface of the right lung
brachiocephalic vein and left subclavian artery make an impression on the top anterior of the left lung
rib impressions
ascending and descending component of the aorta make an impression on the left lung
azygous impression on the right lung
oesophagus and trachea make an impression

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27
Q

azygous impression found on which lung

A

right lung

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28
Q

bronchiopulmonary segments

A

functional units of a lung
the tertiary bronchus and the arterial branch supplying it
includes surrounding CT and bound with independent septa

29
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung

A

10

30
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments In the left lung

A

9-10 due to the heart taking up some space

31
Q

which lobes have more segments

A

the lower lobes because they have more surface area to hold them

32
Q

lymphatics of the lung

A

distributed with blood vessels
output flow direction - collect from along the bronchus
feed into pulmonary nodes around bronchi

33
Q

hilar nodes

A

found in the hilum of the lung
appear dark due to collected carbon from air
easier to see than pulmonary nodes

34
Q

lung innervation

A

general visceral afferents - touch and stretch, noxious stimuli in airways

35
Q

noxious stimuli

A

chemical irritants, ischaemia, excessive stretch

36
Q

parasympathetic lung innervation

A

vagal branches
effect - bronchoconstriction and vasodilation
secretomotor to mucosal tissues

37
Q

sympathetic lung innervation

A

T1-5 sympathetic ganglia
do vasoconstriction

(bronchodilatioon controlled via endocrine activity not nervous)

38
Q

parasympathetic and sympathetic travel as components of

A

pulmonary plexuses

39
Q

bronchodilation is controlled by

A

endocrine activity

40
Q

pain in the lung

A

referred visceral pain
pain fibres travel with the sympathetics except for the trachea
referred through T1-T5 ganglia
can get referred pain through he shoulder but more commonly though the chest as a dull referred pain

41
Q

trachea pain fibres travel with

A

transmitting pain fibres along the vagal branches instead

not felt in the lungs

42
Q

pleural innervation

A

pleura take their innervation from the same sources as the tissue they are connected to

43
Q

visceral pleura innervation

A

ANS and pain is the same as the lungs

sensation fibres only detect stretch

44
Q

parietal innervation

A

takes innervation from the body wall
no parasympathetic fibres suppling the somatopleure doesn’t have parasympathetic innervation in the body wall
pressure, pain and temp travel with intercostal segmented nerves - able to identify pain specifically to an intercostal segment location
local somatic pain

45
Q

parietal pleural pain

A

local somatic pain

felt to the specific ness of an intercostal segment

46
Q

is there parasympathetic innervation in the body wall

A

no

47
Q

pain in the diaphragmatic surface and mediastinal surface

A

referred pain to C3,4,5 through he phrenic nerves

48
Q

conductive tube

A

conduct air

49
Q

respiratory tube

A

gas exchange

50
Q

order of the respiratory tree

A 
primary bronchi 
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi 
bronchioles 
terminal bronchioles 
respiratory bronchioles 
alveolar ducts 
alveolar sacs
51
Q

functional unit of the respiratory tree

A

acinus

respiratory bronchiole onwards

52
Q

terminal bronchiole

A

no more branches coming off

53
Q

respiratory bronchiole

A

gas exchange starts due to some alveolus

54
Q

alveolar ducts

A

have alveoli along them
at the terminal end - alveolar sac
lined by outpoucning alveoli

55
Q

alveolar sac

A

a bunch of alveoli

56
Q

as you descent the respiratory tree

A

less cartilage
more branches
more gas exchange

57
Q

trachea and bronchi

A

conductive tubes

- respiratory epithelium

58
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

psuedostratified columnar with goblet cells inbetween and cilia on top
not a gas exchange epithelium

59
Q

cilia raft

A

mucus is excreted by goblet cells
psuedostratified columnar cells secretes serous fluid which sits within the cilia
mucus sits on the raft and gets shifted

60
Q

goblet cells secrete

A

mucus

61
Q

psuedostratified columnar cells secrete

A

serous fluid which sits between the cilia

62
Q

component at the posterior edge of the trachea

A

trachialis smooth muscle

found in the muscular external of the trachea - replaces the cartilage

63
Q

alveolar ducts terminate at

A

alveolar sacs

64
Q

type 1 pneumocytes

A

squamous, large surface area for gas exchange
cover 95% of alveolar surface
fused basement membrane - blood-air barrier

65
Q

type 2 pneumocyte

A

mare cuboidal in shape
makes up 5% of alveolar lining
synthesis and secretion of surfactant - reduces alveolarr fluid accumulation

66
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

dust cells
patrol alveoli
- easily observed once they have ingested something

67
Q

primary bronchi differences

A

primary bronchi - directly off the trachea
divde to form the secondary bronchi
divide again to form the tertiary bronchi

68
Q

lobar bronchi

A

secondary bronchi

69
Q

segmental bronchi

A

tertiary bronchi

supply a bronchial segment

anatomy 2 (22 decks)

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