Mazza/Paulino test #4 Flashcards
What is the water cycle?
Water moving continuously from the ocean/land to the sky and back
What is evaporation?
Liquid water changing to water vapor and rising to the atomosphere
What is condensation?
Water vapor changing to liquid and forming clouds
What is transpiration?
Evaporation from plants
What is precipitation?
rain, sleet, snow, or hail failing down (has to hit the ground. Fog is not precipitation because it is a cloud close to the ground)
What is infiltration?
Water sinking into the ground
What is runoff?
Water flowing on the ground due to gravity
What is evapotranspiration?
Water leaving the surface of earth into the atomosphere its the combination of evaporation and transpiration and determines climate from a ratio of exapotranspiration to precipitation
What is the necessary ground conditions for runoff?
Hardscaped (asphalt/concrete) or saturated soil
What does saturated mean?
holding as much water to its limit
What is the necessary ground condition for infiltration?
unsaturated soil
What process does clouds form from?
condensation
What two processes do water enter the atmosphere with?
Evaporation and transpiration
What is erosion?
Transportatuon of sediments and weathered material driven by gravity. It may act alone or with an agent of erosion
What is the most importatn agent of erosion?
Running water is the most important because it carries more sediment than any other agent of erosion does
How are sediments affected by the stream during erosion?
Sediments transported by streams tend to become rounded as a result of abrasion. The farther rocks are carried downstream, the more rounded they become.
What are some features the influence erosion for running water?
Slope or gradient, speed or velocity, discharge or volume, and channel shape of curvature of the channel
What are glaciers?
A large mass of ice that flows over land due to gravity
How does glacier erode sediments?
As the ice in a glacier flows downhill it pushes, drags, and carries rocks, soil, and sediment. Sediments along the bottom of the glacier are worn down into angular shapes. Glacial erosional processes include the formation of U-shaped valleys, parallel scratches, and grooves in bedrock
How does strong wind erode sediments?
Air is less dense than water, so generally unable to move particles bigger than sand. Wind erosion is most active in places such as deserts and beaches.
What are waves caused by?
Waves are caused by wind are also an agent of erosion. They can break solid rock and throw broken pieces against the shore
How do waves erode sediments?
Wave action rounds sediments as a result of abrasion. Rocks continually break down until they become sand particles
How does gravity erode sediments?
mass movement occurs when the force of gravity is greater than the force of friction (keep weathered sediments from moving)
What s mass wasting?
When gravity pulls weathered sediments down steep slopes
What are the two different types of mass wasting?
Fast- landslide or mudslide and slow- soil creep or slump
What are some factors that affects mass wasting?
Water(moisture), gradient, and temperature
What is deposition?
The process in which weathered and eroded material is laid down
When does deposition occur and what are some factors that affect deposition?
Occurs when velocity of wind, water, or other erosional system decreases. Factors that affect deposition are size, density and shape
How are igneous rocks formed?
They are formed from the cooling and hardening of rock material that was once molten (inside) or lava (outside)
What are the two classes of igneous rock?
Intrusive- forms inside (magma) the earth’s surface and cools slowly
extrusice- forms outside (lava) the earth’s surface and cools quickly
What are the physical differences between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?
Intrusive rocks form large crystals because they cool at a slower rate
Extrusive rocks form small or no crystals and this is because of volcanic activity or quick cooling magma (may be vesicular;air bubbles)
What is texture?
the size of the crystals or grain size
What are the two compositions of rocks?
Texture is related to the rate of cooling where coarse texture means a slow cool and a fine or no texture means a quick cool. Color identifies type of elements. Mafic is heavy and dary, light color (has Al-aluminum) densitk (has Fe-iron and Mg-magnesium) and felsic is light
What does density represent?
It represents the type of elements present
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
Formed from accumulated sediments by organic material, weathering and erosion of land rock
What are the three groups of sedimentary rocks?
Clastic, chemical and organic
What are the clastic sedimentary rocks?
Formed by broken roxk by way of erosion and weathering. When sediments change into rock they lithify (lithosphere) by compaction (spueezing together) and cementation (needs water). All clastic rock is stratified or layer
What is stratification?
layers
What are chemical sedimentary rocks
Formed by evaporation causing precipiates or evaporates to form. Process is chemical bonding (iconic bonding). Chemical sedimentary rocks are all monomineralic
What are organic sedimentary rocks?
Formed from biochemical activity like plants and dead animals. Dead plants and pressure=peat, lignite and pressure=coal, coal and pressure= 3 million years=diamonds, Sedimentary rocks are the only rocks to contain fossils
Which agent of erosion are sorted?
Water, wind, and wave are sorted while glaical and gravity are unsorted
Which agent of erosion are layered?
Water, wind and wave are layered while glacial and gravity are unlayered
Which agent of erosion are organized?
Water, wind and wave are organized while glacial and gravity are unorganzied
