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Grade 10 Sophomore > Earth science final sem 2 > Flashcards

Earth science final sem 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How are sedimentary rocks created

A

By deposition, burial, compaction, and cementation. Form in oceans or lake bottoms where most sediments are deposited

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2
Q

How are igneous rocks created?

A

Magma rising from the mantle. It forms above the surface (extrusive) or below the surface (intrusive)

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3
Q

How are metamorphic rocks created?

A

Converging plates, contact with magma aka contact metamorphism, found under mountain ranges( highly folded units) and found around the edges of igneous intrusions

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4
Q

What is the law of original horizontally?

A

All sedimentary rock layers and some extrusive igneous rocks are originally deposited in horizontal layers

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5
Q

What is the law of superposition?

A

In undisturbed rock, the layers on the bottom are older than the layers above

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6
Q

What is the law of disturbed rock strata

A

Any process which disturbs the rock must be younger than the rock it disturbs

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7
Q

What is the law of crosscutting?

A

Any feature that cuts across layers of rock must be younger than all the rock layers it cut across

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8
Q

What is tilting?

A

A type of disturbance that tilts rock layers and is caused by plate movement

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9
Q

What is folding?

A

A type of disturbance that folds rock layers and is caused by plate movements

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10
Q

What are the faults?

A

A fracture in the crust along with the lithosphere moves and is caused by plate movement

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11
Q

What are intrusions

A

Magma that cuts onto rock layers and cools below Earth’s surface forming igneous rock which is caused by rising magma

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12
Q

What is a dike?

A

Igneous rock intrudes along with fractures in existing rock (vertical/diagonal)

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13
Q

What is sill?

A

Igneous rock intrudes along with sedimentary layers (horizontal)

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14
Q

What is batholith?

A

A large mass of igneous rock with an irregular shape

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15
Q

What is inclusion?

A

Parent rock breaks off into magma and does not melt and is found in the cooled igneous rock

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16
Q

What is extrusion?

A

Molten rock that reaches Earth’s surface(lava) and cools forming igneous rocks and is caused by rising magma that reaches the surface

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17
Q

What is uplift?

A

A type of disturbance that raises up a large area of the Earth’s crust and is caused by plate movement

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18
Q

What is subsidence?

A

A type of disturbance that lowers a large area of Earth’s crust and is caused by plate movement of erosion

19
Q

What is unconformity?

A

A gap in the rock record where layers have been eroded and new layers have been deposited on top

20
Q

What are the steps to unconformity?

A

Deposition (This usually happens on the ocean floor below sea levels), Uplift (The sedimentary rock is lifted above sea level exposing it to erosion), Erosion and subsidence (Some of these layers are removed and the surface is lowered below sea level exposing it to deposition), and deposition (new layers are deposited where the missing rock was)

21
Q

What are fossils?

A

Preserved remains of organisms in rocks, primarily sedimentary

22
Q

What are index fossils?

A

Allow geologist to narrow the time of a rock unit to a specific time period

23
Q

What are the characteristics of an index fossil?

A

Distinctive features/easily recognizable, Widespread/ all over the world, Abundant/There are a lot of them everywhere, Hard parts or shells/Easy to preserve, and Short-lived/Not around for a long time

24
Q

What is absolute dating?

A

Quantitive (has an exact number), different than relative dating because it’s more exact

25
Q

What are radioactive isotopes

A

Allows us to absolutely date rocks which are done by looking at the ratio of radioactive (parent) isotopes vs stable (daughter) elements

26
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

Unstable elements will become stable elements

27
Q

What are half-lives?

A

The amount of time it takes for half of a sample to decay

28
Q

What are the rules for radioactive dating

A

Heat, pressure and chemical composition don’t affect decay. Radioactive isotopes decay at a constant rate. Different isotopes have different rates of decay

29
Q

What is an eclipse?

A

The blocking of light when one celestial body moves into the shadow of another celestial body

30
Q

What is a solar eclipse?

A

When the moon is blocking the sunlight to the Earth (New moon)

31
Q

What is a lunar eclipse?

A

When the Earth is blocking the moon from the sun (Full moon)

32
Q

What is a total eclipse?

A

An eclipse in which the whole disc of the sun or moon is covered. Occurs within the umbra (full shadow)

33
Q

What is the partial eclipse?

A

An eclipse in which part of the disc of the sun or moon is covered. Occurs within penumbra (partial shadow)

34
Q

Why do eclipses not occur every month?

A

The moon’s orbit around the Earth is tilted 5 degrees compared to the Earth’s orbit around the sun

35
Q

What are the different phases of the moon?

A

New moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, and waning crescent

36
Q

What is waxing?

A

Moon phases when the illuminated portion grows. The right side is illuminated

37
Q

What is waning?

A

Moon phases when illuminated portion shrinks. The left side is illuminated

38
Q

Why does the same side of the moon always face the Earth?

A

The Moon’s period of rotation is the same as its period of revolution

39
Q

What happens at apogee and perigee?

A

At apogee, the moon is farther and appears smaller. At perigee, the moon is closer and appears larger

40
Q

What is an orbit?

A

The path of an object around the sun

41
Q

What is the difference between perihelion and aphelion?

A

Perihelion points in orbit nearest to the sun. More gravitational attraction. Planets move faster in its orbit. Aphelion is the point in the orbit farthest from the sun. Less gravitational attraction. The planet moves slower in its orbit. Closer on Jan 3rd and farther on July 4th

42
Q

What is an ellipse?

A

An oval, an elongated circle with two centers called foci.

43
Q

What are foci and major axis?

A

Central points of an ellipse, the sun is always located at one of the foci and the major axis is the longest straight line distance across the eclipse. Passes through foci

44
Q

What is eccentricity?

A

The degree or flatness or ovalness of an eclipse

Grade 10 Sophomore (38 decks)

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