Mammary Gland

Question 1

When does colostrum come out of the breast?

Answer 1

Before milk. It gives antibodies to the new born child (made from plasma cells)

Question 2

Milk from humans….?

Answer 2

1. Only in mammalian
2. 200 human milk oligosaccharides (HMO)
3. Lactose, fat, HMOs (composed of)

Question 3

What does Bifidobacteria Longum infantis do?

Answer 3

1. Release short chain fatty acids which go to baby
2. Makes gut cells more adhesive
3. Proteins seal gaps between gut cells
4. Produce anti-inflammatory molecule

Question 4

The sebaceous glands around the nipple have what characteristics?

Answer 4

Not associate with hair follicles
Lubricate nipple
Secrete volatile compounds that stimulate suckling
Anti-microbial substances

Question 5

What happens to the breast tissue during pregnancy?

Answer 5

1. In non pregnant women the gland has an inactive duct system
2. During pregnancy alveoli proliferate at the end of ducts and produce colostrum
3. During lactation alveoli are fully differentiated with abundant milk secretion

Question 6

What does prolactin from the pituitary do to breast tissue?

Answer 6

Stimulates secretion of colostrum and milk by alveolar cells

Question 7

What inhibits prolactin coming out of the pituitary?

Answer 7

Dopamine blocks prolactin releasing factor from being release from the hypothalamus (it also blocks thyrotroping releasing hormone)

Question 8

What does lactation involve?

Answer 8

1. Mammogenesis, stimulated during pregnancy by estrogen and progesterone, acting together with prolactin
2. Lactogenesis, stimulated after parturition by prolactin
3. Galactopoiesis, stimulated by prolactin and oxytocin.

Question 9

What produces IgA?

Answer 9

Produced by plasma cells

They cross the epithelium

Question 10

How does oxytocin stimulate milk release?

Answer 10

By inducing contraction of myoepithelial cells

Question 11

What rellenase oxytocin ?

Answer 11

The pars nerviosa of the pituitary gland

Question 12

What is the other name of the pars nerviosa?

Answer 12

Neurohypophysis

Question 13

What is the other name for the pars distalis?

Answer 13

Adenohypophysis

Question 14

What are the invasive ductal ….?

Answer 14

1. Invasive ductal carcinoma (80%)
2. Tubular carcinoma
3. Medullary carcinoma
4. Mutinous carcinoma
5. Papillary carcinoma
6. Cribiform carcinoma

Question 15

What are the invasive lobular ….?

Answer 15

Invasive lobular carcinoma (10%)

Question 16

What are the invasive connective tissue breast cancer?

Answer 16

Pages disease of the nipple

Question 17

What are the non-invasive ductal cancer?

Answer 17

Ductal carcinoma in situ

Question 18

What are the non-invasive lobular breast cancers?

Answer 18

Lobular carcinoma in situ

Question 19

What are the non-invasive connective tissue breast cancers?

Answer 19

1. phyllodes tumors

2. Paget’s disease of the nipple

Question 20

What are the breast cancer molecular subtypes?

Answer 20

Her2+ (20%) - Luminal B

ER-, HER2- (basal-like) 15% (BRCA1)

ER+, HER- (luminal A): 50-65%

• low proliferation
• high proliferation (BRCA2)