Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology AUC > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

RBC’s

Are non-nucleares cells that use the molecule hemoglobin to carry oxygen from the lungs to peripheral cells and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do leukocyte function as?

A

Mediators of inflammatory and immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the types of leukocyte?

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Volume of packed RBCs expressed as % of total blood volume; normal = 35-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is anemia?

A

Decreased hemoglobin concentration (decreased concentration of erythrocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can cause anemia?

A

Hemorrhage
Low production of RBCs in bone marrow
Iron deficiency
Hemolysis of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Increased number of erythrocytes

Blood may become too viscous resulting in impaired blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are erythrocyte membranes formed from?

A

Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is spectrum for in erythrocytes?

A

Allows membrane flexibility and results in normal bicóncava shape of RBCs

It functions to per my RBCs to transmit through small diameter lumens of capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

An inherited disease causing deoxygenated hemoglobin to clump and form sickle-shaped RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is hereditary spherocytosis?

A

An inherited disease resulting in malformed RBCs (sphere-shaped)

Aberrant shape is due to defects in the spectrin molecule

Abnormal cells are engulfed by macrophages from the spleen, liver and bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What treatment is used for hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Splenectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are erythrocytes formed?

A

Immature erythrocytes are formed in bone marrow from uncleared cells that synthesize hemoglobin

Their maturation involves extrusion and loss of the nucleus and loss of mitochondria, ribosome and most cytoplasmic enzymes

The concentration of Hb increases during maturation; once the cell leaves the bone marrow no further Hb is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

The last stage of RBC production (1% of RBC)
Contain residual ribosomal RNA visible as cell inclusion

Increased number of reticulocytes indicates an increased need for oxygen, often the result of hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What individuals might have high levels of reticulocytes?

A

Individuals who move to high altitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How long do erythrocytes live for?

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What removes old blood from circulation?

A

Macrophages of the bone marrow
Spleen
Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What parts of RBCs are recycled for the formation of new RBCs?

A

Iron and heme groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When iron is removed and transported to tissues, what if formed?

A

Ferritin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What catabolizes heme and where is this located?

A

Biliverdin catabolizes heme into bilirubin in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is bilirubin used for?

A

Bilirubin is a component of bile and is normally stored in the gall bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are leukocyte involves in?

A

The immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is dipedesis that is used by leukocytes?

A

The process by which cels leave venues and capillaries by transmitting vessel walls (between endothelial cells) in order to enter connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are leukocyte attracted to?

A

Infected or inflamed tissues by chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do leukocytes travel?

A

Migrate through tissues using pseudopodia

26
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

27
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

28
Q

What are the characteristics for granulocytes?

A

Usually billowed or multilobed nuclei
Live for only a few days
All have cytoplasmic granules

29
Q

What are the kind of granules found on granulocytes?

A

Primary: are lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes

Secondary: specific granules differ according to the cell type and have specific functions

30
Q

What are the agranulocytosis?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Contain lysosomes

31
Q

What is the most common type of leukocyte?

A

Neutrophils

60-70% of total

32
Q

What are some characteristics of neutrophils?

A

Aka polymorphonuclear leukocytes (polymorphs)

Bi or multi-lobed nucleus

May contain bar bodies

Stay in blood vessels for 6-7 hours and migrate to CT where they live for 1-4 days

33
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils?

A

Involved in acute inflammation
Engulf and destroy bacteria using pseudopodia (forming phagosomes)
Lysosomes produce hydrolytic enzymes to help destroy phagosomes

Pus is a mixture of dead neutrophils and destroyed bacteria

34
Q

What do the specific granules of neutrophils do?

A

Fuse to phagosomes to add hydrogen peroxide, myeloperoxidase, halide ions and other substances to help destroy bacteria

35
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Antibodies and complement from blood plasma recognize specific bacteria and coat their surface in a process called opsonization

36
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

Increase numbers (or percentage of total leukocyte number) of neutrophils, usually due to bacterial infection

37
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Decreased numbers of neutrophils, due to enlarged spleen leading to abnormally early destruction of neutrophils

38
Q

What are some characteristics of eosinophils?

A

2-4% of leukocyte
12-15 micrometers in diameter

Usually bilobed nucleus

Have prominent acidophilic (eosinophilic) granules

39
Q

What is function of eosinophils?

A

Allergic reactions
Eosinophilia
Cells phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes formed in allergic responses
Granule inclusion are toxic to parasitic worms

40
Q

Where are eosinophils found?

A

SI tract propia, respiratory system (bronchi) and in the uterovaginal tract

41
Q

What do eosinophils synthesize?

A

Substances that inactivate histamine and leukotrienes (produced by basophils and mast cells) in order to reduce inflammation reactions

42
Q

What are some characteristics of basophils?

A

<0.5% of leukocyte

Large multilobed nucleus
Have prominent basophilic granules

43
Q

Where are basophils formed?

A

Bone marrow

44
Q

What type of responses are basophils responsible for?

A

Inflammatory response to antigens

45
Q

What do basophils and mast cells both contain?

A

Heparin (anticoagulant)

Histamine (vasodilator)

46
Q

What are some characteristics of lymphocytes?

A

30% of leukocyte (MC agranular)
6-18 microns in diameter

Large spherical or globular nucleus

47
Q

What is the function of T lymphocytes?

A

Cell-mediated immunity: to destroy antigens (foreign cells, virus-infected cells, etc)

48
Q

What is the function of B lymphocytes?

A

To mature into plasma cells in the CT and produce antibodies for the humoral immune response

49
Q

Where are T and B lymphocytes found?

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic nodules of the intestines

50
Q

What leukocyte are the only ones that can return to the circulation after entering ct by diapedesis?

A

Lymphocytes

51
Q

What are some characteristics of monocytes?

A

Less common granular leukocyte (5%)

12-20 microns

Large C-shaped nucleus

52
Q

Where are monocytes formed?

A

Bone marrow

53
Q

When do monocytes transform into macrophages?

A

After leaving the circulatory system

54
Q

What do monocytes form?

A 
Kupffer cells of the liver
Alveolar macrophages of the lung
Osteoclasts in bone marrow
Microglia
Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
55
Q

What do APCs do?

A

Concentrate antigen and present it to the lymphocyte during an immune response

56
Q

What are the characteristics of platelets?

A

Anuclear cell fragments
2-4 microns
Derived from megakaryocytes in the bone barrow
Function in clotting, to control hemorragias
Clump together

57
Q

What are the 3 types of granules of platelets?

A

Delta
Alpha
Lambda

58
Q

What do delta granules do?

A

Contain calcium ions, ATP, ADP; facilitate platelet aggregation and adhesion

59
Q

What do alpha granules do?

A

Contain fibrinogen and platelet derived growth factor to facilitate vessel repair, platelet aggregation and blood coagulation

60
Q

What do lambda granules do?

A

Contain lysosomal hydrolytic for blot removal

Histology AUC (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions