Connective Tissues Flashcards by Hector Arredondo

What are the components of connective tissues?

Ground substance
Extracellular fibers
Cellular elements

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What is the ground substance?

Matrix that allows diffusion and binds fibers and other elements together

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What is the ground substance composed of?

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Water
Calcium in bone

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What are the purpose of extracellular fibers in CT?

To provide strength and flexibility

-they will either be collagen or elastin

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What is the purpose of the cellular elements in ct?

To secrete fibers and ground substance

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Name the sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Heparan sulfate
Dermatan sulfate
Keratin sulfate
Chondroitin sulfate

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Name the non-sulfate GAGs

Hyaluronic acid

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What are glycosaminoglycans GAGs?

Polysaccharides made from disaccharide subunits

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What is a proteoglycan?

Polysaccharide attached to a protein

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What synthesis ground substance?

Fibroblast
Osteoblasts
Chondroblass
Adipocytes

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What is the function of the ground substance?

negatively charged to maximize volume/ trap water/ bind to collagen for strength
matrix for cells and blood vessels and a diffusion medium for nutrients
enable tissues to withstand compression

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Which collagen is the only one that stains with H and E?

Type I

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Which collagen form distinctive banded fibrils in electron micrograph?

1,2,3,5,11

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What is collagen?

A major fiber component of CT with great tensile strength

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What secrete collagen?

Fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adipocytes

-same as ground substance

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What are some characteristics of type I collagen?

Stains with H and E (unique)
Forms large fibers
In loose and dense irregular ct, tendons, ligaments, bone and fat
-made by fibroblasts, osteoblasts and adipocytes

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What are some characteristics of type 2 collagen?

Only found in cartilage

Made by chondroblasts

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What collagen forms reticular fibers?

Type 3 collagen

What does type 3 collagen do?

Forms a supporting framework for bone marrow, lymph glands, spleen and thymus

(Component of basement membranes)

What makes type 3 collagen?

Fibroblasts

Minor collagen types

Place holder

Collagen in basal lamina

Place holder

Where is elastin found?

Loose and dense irregular CT (esp. skin), elastic cartilage and some ligaments

What secretes elastin?

Fibroblasts secret as proelastin which then assemble on secreted fibrillin fibrils

Where is elastin secreted without fibrillin to form elastic sheets instead of fibers?

Smooth muscle cells in the arteries

What are the characteristics of loose irregular (areolar) CT?

Abundant ground substance with few fibers and variable cell numbers - contain many capillaries - contains many immune cells to fight bacteria

What facilitates waste and nutrient exhange with capillaries in loose irregular CT?

Diffusion in ground substance

What forms the fluid in the ground substance?

Formed by transcytosis of fluid through capillary endothelial cells

Where are CT cells derived from? (What is the embryonic cell)

Mesenchyme

What is mesenchyme?

The stem cell of many tissues in the body ??? Look at slide

What kind of cells can mesenchyme make?

Fat - loose and dense CT - blood vessels and organs (smooth) - blood vessel lining (endothelium) - mesothelium - cartilage - bone

What are active cells usually called?(fibro)

.....blasts These cells have oval nucle and are motile

What are inactive cells called?(fibro)

Cytes They have spindle-shaped basophils nuclei and are attached to collagen 1 fibers

What do fibroblast/cyte do?

Produce and maintain collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans

Where are the cells derive from hematopoietic stem cells found?

In loose or dense irregular ct These are cells of the immune system and are involved in inflammation

What cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells?

``` Eosinophils Neutrophils B no T lymphocytes Plasma cells Macrophages Mast cells ``` Osteoclasts in bone

Describe White "unilocular" fat

Large cells Function to store and release energy Fat is stored as a single triglyceride droplet free in the cytoplasm can increase during periods of estrogen hormonal change (puberty) or high fat intake

What do chylomicrons do?

Absorb small lips droplets from ingested lipids (after being broken down).

Where does lipid absorption occur in intestine?

Lipid absorption in enterocyte of intestine epithelium

What promotes the storage of fat?

Estrogen- increases ft storage (difference in sex) Insulin- promotes fat storage and uptake of glucose

What controls the release of fat from storage?

Epinephrine (adrenalin) - promotes fat release (as fatty acids and glycerol) Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)- promotes fat release

What is hypertrophic obesity?

Due to enlargement of adipocytes

What is hyperplastic obesity?

Due to increase in adipocytes numbers (hyperplasia)

What are the attributes of brown fat?(Multilocular)

Themogenesis in infants In neck, back, and around organs to maintain temperature Massive blood supply Large, abundant mitochondria Color comes from blood in capillaries as well as mitochondrial cytochromes Highest metabolic capacity in the body Reverts to unilocular precursor cell before 10 years of age