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Histology AUC > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the body acts as a storehouse for calcium?

A

Bone

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2
Q

What does the ground substance of bone contain?

A

Compact bundles of Type I collagen fibers, stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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3
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Pathology of again bone, especially in elderly women, involves loss of bone mss resulting in greatly enhanced chance of fracture

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4
Q

What are the two type of bone?

A

Compact and cancellous (trabecular)

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5
Q

Where is cancellous bone found?

A

The center or ends (medulla or epiphysis) of long bones

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6
Q

What are the branches in cancellous bone called which add strength to the structure?

A

Trabeculae

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7
Q

Where is compact bone found?

A

In the cortical areas of bones

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8
Q

Wha are the concentric layers of tissue in compact bone called?

A

Lamellae

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9
Q

What is found in the central region of compact bone?

A

Central canal (Haversion canal)

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10
Q

What is periosteum?

A

The bone surface

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11
Q

What are sharpey’s fibers?

A

Type 1 collagen running perpendicular tot he surface which connect ct to bone

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12
Q

What are the two layers of the periosteum?

A

Outer fibrous layer

Inner cellular layer

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13
Q

What does the outer fibrous layer of periosteum composed of?

A

Dense irregular CT

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14
Q

What does the inner (osteogenesis) cellular layer of periosteum consist of?

A

Osteoprogenitor (stem) cells

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

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15
Q

What is the stem cell of bone?

A

Osteoprogenitor cell

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16
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

A single layer of cells that adhere to all inner surfaces of bone

I.e. Line the cavity of all bones

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17
Q

What does endosteum contain and where is it found?

A

Contains no fibrous components

Found on bony trvecular, in ha version and volkmanns cannas and on surfaces lining the medullary cavity

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18
Q

What cells are found in the endosteum?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

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19
Q

What is osteomalacia? (Rickets in kids)

A

A condition occurring when bones do not mineralized properly due to lack of vitamin D (no sunlight)

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20
Q

What does Vitamin D aid in the small intestine?

A

Absorption of calcium nod phosphorus

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21
Q

How can soft bones no pain be treated? (Those with osteomalacia)

A

Dietary vitamin D supplements or exposure of the epidermis of the skin to sunlight

22
Q

What does the bone matrix consist of?

A

Type 1 collagen and glycosaminoglycans produced by osteoblasts

23
Q

What does the ground substance of bone consist of?

A

Mainly hydroxyappetite crystals formed of. Combination of glycosaminoglycans and calcium phosphate

24
Q

What lines the haversion canal?

A

Endosteum

25
Q

What is the haversian system or osteon?

A

A system that runs lengthwise in long bone used to carry nutrients and waste products

26
Q

What is the haversian system or osteon composed of?

A

Lamellae (rings of bone tissue) surrounding a Haversian canal

27
Q

What nourishes the haversian system?

A

A single capillary in the Haversian canal

28
Q

What are volkmann’s canal?

A

A canal where blood vessels and nerve fivers run from the soft tissue outside the bone to the center of the bone

29
Q

What is the filopodia of osteocytes?

A

A long connection between osteocytes or capillary within the Haversian canal.

It is a used for exchange between cells

30
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A

Periosteum and endosteum

31
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

In periosteum and endosteum

32
Q

Where are osteocytes found and what is their function?

A

Found in lacunae to maintain matrix

33
Q

Where are osteoclasts found and what is their function?

A

Periosteum and endosteum

Dissolve matrix

34
Q

What cells can be found in both the periosteum nod endosteum?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

35
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells derived from and what do they produce?

A

Mesenchyme

Produce: osteoblasts

36
Q

What cell shape are osteoblasts?

A

Cuboidal cells with basophilic cytoplasm

37
Q

Where do osteoblasts becoming embedded?

A

Lacunae

38
Q

When osteoblast becomes dormant in lacunae, what are they now called?

A

Osteocytes

39
Q

Osteoclasts are part of what system?

A

The mononuclear phagocyte (macrophage-like) system

40
Q

Where are osteoclasts formed from?

A

Blood stem cells in the marrow by several monocytes fusing together

41
Q

Describe an osteoclasts

A

A large, multinculeated and eosinophilic (stain red?)

42
Q

How do osteoclasts work?

A

Dissolves bone by exocytosing the contents of lysosomes

Secrete HCl and hydrolytic enzymes (e.g. Collagenase) to break down hydroxyapatite and collagen fibrils

43
Q

Where are osteoclasts located t?

A

In a shallow indentation of bone called Howship’s lacuna

44
Q

How is a new haversian system formed?

A
  1. Osteoclasts cut a cylinder followed by a capillary loop
  2. Osteoblasts lay down Lamellae
  3. Once several layers are formed, the system is complete
45
Q

Explain how does intramembrnous bone forms (E.g. Skull bones)

A

Mesenchymal cells become osteoprogenitor cells then osteoblasts

Osteoblasts surround themselves with matrix to become osteocytes

Matrix calcifies into trabeculae with spaces holding red bone marrow

Superficial layers of spongy bone are replaced with compact bone

46
Q

What is the simplified version of how intramembraous bone forms?

A
  1. Development of center of ossification
  2. Calcification
  3. Formation of trabeculae
  4. Development of the periosteum
47
Q

What kind of development do long bones experience?

A

Endochondral ossification

48
Q

Explain endochondral ossification

A

Cartilage template of bone first develops until a blood supply approaches the perichondrium

The chondrogenic layer becomes an osteogenic layer, deposits bone on the outside of the template

Cells in the center of the cartilage die, and capillaries, stem cells and osteoclasts take their place

The template is converted to bone

49
Q

What do hot spots in bone scan indicate?

A

Areas of increased metabolic activity that may indicate cancer, abnormal healing or growth

50
Q

What do cold spot indicate in bone scans?

A

Decreased metabolism of bone

E.g. Osteoporosis, bone infection

51
Q

How are bone scans given?

A

Radioactive tracer substance is given intravenously

Amount of uptake of tracer is related to amount of blood to the bone

Histology AUC (20 decks)

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