Male Reproductive System Flashcards
What are the dimensions of a normal testicle?
The adult testis is 3–5 cm in length and 2–3 cm in transverse diameter and depth. The normal adult testicular volume is 15–20 ml calculated from the formula: length × width × depth × 0.52 = volume.
Name examples of testicular Ca.
Testicular malignancies include primary testicular germ cell tumours, non-germ cell tumours, metastases, lymphoma and adrenal rest tumours.
What is the typical lymph nodes spread in testicular Ca?
The spread of testicular malignancy is predictable. Leftsided lesions spread to the upper left para-aortic chain closer to the left renal vein than the aortic bifurcation. Metastases from right-sided lesions tend to be situated slightly more caudad and are usually seen in the anterior interaorticocaval recess. Right-sided lesions may however be situated at a more superior level
What are the ultrasound findings of non primary testicular CA?
The US features are not specific but are typically of a diffuse multifocal infiltrating lesion that may be of increased reflectivity compared with surrounding testicular parenchyma.
What are the ultrasound features of varicocoeles?
The US diagnosis involves the identification of multiple serpiginous tubules of more than 2 mm diameter posterior to the testis that may extend to the inferior pole of the testis
What are the ultrasound features if testicular torsion?
The US appearances include an enlarged heterogeneous testis and epididymis in the acute phase[36]. Nevertheless these features have been considered nonspecific and unhelpful. As a working rule it is suggested that a swollen hypoechoic testis is usually not salvageable whereas a normal testis on grey-scale image often is. Colour Doppler studies have resulted in an improvement in the US evaluation of testicular torsion with a claimed sensitivity and specificity of 100 per cent [38] [39]. Testicular torsion is diagnosed when blood flow in the symptomatic testis is absent or markedly reduced compared with the normal side, although occasionally a single small vessel may be demonstrated. However the demonstration of normal blood flow in a testis does not exclude torsion, as
