GIT Imaging Flashcards
Name 12 causes of small bowel fluid levels.
SBO, LBO, paralytic ileus, gastroenteritis, hypokalaemia, uraemia, jejunal diverticulosis, mesenteric thrombosis, saline cathartics, peritoneal mets, cleansing enemas, normal (less than 25mm long)
Name causes of massively dilated stomach.
Mechanical gastric outlet obstruction, duodenal or pyloric canal ulcer, antrum CA, extrinsic compression, PI, surgery, trauma, peritonitis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, diabetes, hepatic coma, drugs, gastric volvulus, intubation, air swallowing
Name causes of small bowel obstruction.
Mural - tumour, strictures/Crohn’s, irradiation, ischaemia
Luminal - bezoar, gallstones, intussusception
Extrinsic - adhesions, hernia, volvulus, abdo malignancy
What are the signs of strangulating obstruction on CT?
Wall thickening of affected loop
High attenuation in bowel wall
Gas in bowel wall
Gas in mesenteric veins
Mesenteric congestion
Mesenteric haemorrhage
What are the signs of closed loop intestinal obstruction?
Dilated fluid filled loop
U shaped configuration
Thickening of mesentery vessels
Radial distribution of mesenteric vessels
Beak sign - tapering of loop
Triangular loop
Whirl sign - twisted mesentery
Causes of paralytic ileus
Peritonitis, surgery, trauma, spine, ribs, hip, inflammation, appendicitis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, salpingitis, CCF, pneumonia, renal colic, renal failure, AAA leaking, low potassium, drugs, spinal lesions, vascular occlusions
Name diseases mimicking appendicitis
Ectopic, ovarian torsion, salpingitis, endometriosis, diverticulosis, crohns, malignancy, intussucetpion, Meckel’s, cholecystis, urolithiasis, mesenteric adenitis
What are the ultrasound signs of appendicitis?
Blind ending tubular structure
Non compressible
Diameter 7mm or more
No peristalsis
Appendicolith casting acoustic shadow
Surrounding fluid or abscess
Oedema of ceacal pole
Maximal tenderness over appendix
High echogenecity surrounding fat
What are the CT signs of appendicitis
More than 6mm, failure of appendix to fill with oral contrast medium, appendicolith, IV wall contrast enhancement
Name causes of liver calcification
Granuloma - TB, histo, brucellosis
Hydatid cyst
Primary tumour
Mets
Hepatic artery aneurysm
Cyst
Haematoma
Gall stone
Old liver abscess
Portal vein thrombosis
Name causes of splenic calcification
More than 10 mm:
Splenic artery aneurysm
Cyst
Post trauma
Dermoid
Epidermoid
Hydatid
Haematoma
Infarct
Abscess
Tb
Less than 10mm:
Histo
Tb
Phleboliths
Brucellosis
Infarcts
Name causes of pancreatic calcifications
Chronic pancreatitis
Acute panc
Tumours
Cystadenoma/adenocarcinoma
Islet cell tumour
Mets
Haemorrhage
Hptdosis
Pseudocyst
Kwashiorkor
Adrenal gland calcifications
Idiopathic
Haemorrhage
Tb
Neuroblastoma
Phaechromocytoma
Carcinoma
Addison
Cyst
Histoplasmosis
