Bladder Prostate Urethra Flashcards
What are the ultrasound features of chronic cystitis?
The hallmark of chronic cystitis is irregularity of the bladder wall associated with trabeculation and often with diminished bladder capacity
What are the classification systems for bladder trauma?
Traumatic bladder injuries can be classified as a contusion, an intramural (partial-thickness) laceration, or a full-thickness laceration with intra- or extraperitoneal rupture[3]. Blunt abdominal trauma (90% from a motor vehicle accident) is the most common cause of bladder rupture[5]. Extraperitoneal bladder rupture is more common (50–85%) than intraperitoneal (15–45%) or combined intra- and extraperitoneal rupture (0–12%)[5], and is frequently (89–100%) associated with pelvic fractures.
How are bladder carcinomas classified and assessed?
All epithelial tumours are malignant, the majority being of the transitional cell type, with squamous-cell carcinoma (1.5–10%) and adenocarcinoma. being relatively uncommon[2]. The gross appearance of these tumours may be papillary, sessile, or a combination of both, and there is a submucosal variety in which the mucosa appears intact. Nonepithelial tumours may be benign (e.g. leiomyoma, fibroma) or malignant (e.g. leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma)
Tumours are classified into four growth patterns:
1 in situ (noninvasive)
2 papillary
3 infiltrating
4 combined papillary and infiltrating.
What is the TNM staging of bladder CA?
limited to the lamina propria (T1) from those invading the superficial (T2) and deep (T3a) muscle[12]. CT is clinically useful for detecting invasion into the perivesical fat (T3b), adjacent viscera and pelvic lymph nodes (category N) and distant metastases (category M)
What is the typical lymph nodes spread of bladder CA?
The obturator and external iliac lymph nodes are involved first, followed by the internal and common iliac lymph nodes.
What are the CT findings of prostatitis?
In prostatitis, CT may show an enlarged prostate. Occasionally, periprostatic inflammation can be detected, based on strands of soft tissue in the periprostatic fat, and portions of the gland may reveal slightly lower attenuation coefficients than uninflamed portions.
What are the ultrasound findings of BPH?
Both diffuse and focal prostatic hypertrophy can be appreciated on TRUS. Either well defined or poorly demarcated benign nodules can demonstrate hypoechoic or mixed acoustic reflectivity, and may show thick, scattered, or diffusely bright, predominantly hyperechoic, foci.
Tnm staging of prostate CA
