Male Pathophys 2- Handorff Flashcards

1
Q

Seminomas are what percent of germ cell tumors?

A

50%…and remember that germ cell tumors make up the VAST MAJORITY of testicular neoplasms

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2
Q

Microscopic appearance of Seminoma?

A

Fried egg. Abundant cytoplasm, distinct cell membrane

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3
Q

15% of seminomas produce what?

A

HCG

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4
Q

Embryonal carcinoma is what type of tumor

A

Mixed germ cell/ occasionally pure.

whereas the seminoma is most commonly a pure cell tumor

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5
Q

Germ cell tumors are very sensitive to?

A

Chemo and radiation, because they are fast growing

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6
Q

What is the third type of germ cell tumor we discussed?

A

Yolk Sac Tumor

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7
Q

Yolk sac tumors are almost exclusively tumors of who?

A

Infants and children up to 3 years of age.

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8
Q

In adults, yolk sac tumors are…

A

most commonly mixed with other germ cell tumor patterns

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9
Q

Main distinguishing feature of yolk sac tumor

A

Production of alpha fetoprotein which serves as a serum marker

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10
Q

Alpha fetoprotein is important for…

A

Evaluation of metastasis, if you remove the tumor and alpha fetoprotein doesn’t decrease to zero….you have a metastasis somewhere.

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11
Q

Which germ cell tumor is “placenta like”?

A

choriocarcinoma…malignant tumor of syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts.

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12
Q

choriocarcinomas are highly aggressive.

A

truth

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13
Q

Choriocarcinomas produce what chemical?

A

HCG used as a tumor marker. Remember, hCG is very similar to LH, FSH, and TSH so pts may present with hyperthyroidism or gynecomastia

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14
Q

Teratomas are commonly mixed with with other germ cell tumor types in adults. Very slow growing so they are hard to kill with radiation.

A

ok

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15
Q

Pure teratomas are more common in who?

A

Children

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16
Q

So what are the germ cell tumors

A

Teratomas, choriocarcinoma,yolk sac tumor, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma

17
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is more likely to occur in what part of the prostate?

A

Transitional and periurethral zones

18
Q

Prostate cancer arises in what zones of the prostate?

A

peripheral zone

19
Q

Prostate glands have two types of epithelium and they are

A

basal and luminal.

20
Q

What do the luminal cells do?

A

they produce seminal fluid and express prostate specific antigen

21
Q

What is PSA

A

it is a serine protease which liquifies the seminal fluid coagulant. Basal cells do not produce PSA.

22
Q

BPH is driven by

A

androgens

23
Q

Main symptoms of BPH

A

bladder obstruction, urinary stasis….can be problematic as it can lead to UTIs which can cause sepsis. Therefore, BPH is not so benign as it is a cause of increased morbidity and mortality

24
Q

Prostate cancer is rare under age 50

A

At age 70 however, at least 70% of men have at least latent prostate carcinoma.
- most tumors never progress or do so very slowly

25
Q

Prostate screening recomendation

A

No screening for men under 40

  • Individualized decisions about screening for men under 55 at higher risk (AA or positive family history)
  • Greatest screening benefit ages 55-69
  • Every two year screening may be preferred to annual screening
  • No routine screening after age 70.
26
Q

What grading system is used in prostate carcinoma

A

Gleason grading system….1 is the best differentiated and 6 is the worst
Patients are given scores by adding together the grades from the two most prevalent patterns.

27
Q

Most common prostate carcinoma metastases

A

bone (osteoblastic, not lytic)

28
Q

Know that the prostate is a retroperitoneal gland that surrounds the neck of the bladder

A

ok

29
Q

Prostate is composed of glandular cells with produce secretions which constitute seminal fluid

A

mmk