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Reproductive > Breast Pathology > Flashcards

Breast Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of breast cancers have micro-calcifications?

A

50%

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2
Q

False negative mammogram rate?

A

30%

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3
Q

Older or younger women have higher incidence for false negatives on mammograms?

A

younger. Younger women have denser more sclerotic breasts. Often harder to see things

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4
Q

Accessory breast tissue in the axillary fossa. Tumors may develop here and they may be confused with:

A

Axillary lymph nodes and/or mets

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5
Q

Ectopic breast tissue

A

may develop along mammary ridge to involute

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6
Q

Macromastia

A

Excessive breast tissue

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7
Q

Nipple inversion

A

associated with large pendulous breasts. May be confused with cancer

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8
Q

Supernumerary breasts/nipples

A

persistent epidermal thickenings along milk line from axilla to perineum

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9
Q

Fibrocystic change/ disease

A
  • Considered a hyperplastic Disorder
  • Women 25-45 (related to hormone imbalance… up and down Estrogen and Progesterone) KNOW
  • Increased mitotic and apoptotic rate
  • May hamper mammography
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10
Q

Sclerosing adenosis

A
  • Proliferation of glandular tissue
  • Risk of Cancer of 1.5- 2x normal
  • Clustered microcalcifications
  • If it is palpable what do you call it? adenosis tumor
  • retains both cell layers!!! retains lobular architecture!!!
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11
Q

Atypical ductal hyperplasia

A
  • Features are suggestive but not diagnostic of DCIS
  • Increased risk of cancer 2-5x
  • Risk is equal in both breasts
  • enlarged nuclei and nucleoli, progressive loss of nuclear polarity
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12
Q

Cancer risk increase in Atypical ductal hyperplasia?

A

Yes. 2- 4x5 times. Risk is equal in both breasts

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13
Q

Atypical lobular hyperplasia

A

Resembles Lobular Carcinoma in situ but DOES NOT FILL OR DISTEND 50% or MORE ACINI WITHIN A LOBULE.,
- Still, 4-5x the risk of CA in both breasts, greater risk in pre-menopausal pts

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14
Q

Cancer risk increased in atypical lobular hyperplasi

A

yes. 4-5 times

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15
Q

Most common benign breast tumor

A

Fibroadenoma

  • Typical in younger women
  • MOVES AROUND …like a marble
  • Malignant transformation risk… less than .1%
  • Hormonally responsive and may grow in pregnancy

KNOW

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16
Q

What is fibroadenomatosis

A

mulitifocal disease in post renal transplant patients and with EBV in the immunosuppresed

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17
Q

What happens to fibroadenomas during pregnancy

A

they may grow, they can be hormonally responsive

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18
Q

Phyllodes tumor

A

Fibroadenoma like tumor with overgrowth of the fibrous part. characteristic leaf like projections on biopsy

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19
Q

Serous/ bloody nipple discharge

A

Could be large duct papilloma or could be papillary carcinoma. How do you tell the difference? In large duct papilloma both cell layers will be present (myoepithelium and luminal cells). In papillary carcinoma, the myoepithelial cells are gone.

20
Q

What age group is most common for papillary duct carcinoma?

A

Post menopausal

21
Q

Age range for large duct papilloma?

A

Premenopausal

22
Q

Breast cancer genetics stats

A

First degree relatives of affected individuals at higher risk

  • Risk even higher when the affected person has bilateral disease
  • Li Fraumeni syndrome
  • BRCA 1 and BRCA2
  • Cowden Disease
23
Q

Li Fraumeni syndrome is

A

germline p53 mutations

24
Q

BRCA1

A

17q21

25
Q

BRCA2

A

13q12

26
Q

Cowden Disease

A

10q mutation… multiple hemartoma syndrome.

27
Q

What percentage of clinically negative nodes have a tumor?

A

40%

28
Q

What percent of clinically positive nodes do not have a tumor

A

15%

29
Q

Comedo cardinoma (DCIS)

A

can be aggressive. Two criteria - necrosis and high grade cells

30
Q

Finish

A

look at pathoma and lecture pwrpt, Don’t listen

31
Q

PET scan

A

basically you just inject a glucose derivative and wherever there is a metastsis, it will take up glucose at a faster rate than the surrounding tissue

32
Q

Acute Mastitis?

A

Tender breasts, associated with lactation. Cracks in nipple. Staph and Strep

33
Q

Silicone implants

A

form a fibrous capsule (synovial metaplasia). Gel can seep through intact shell

34
Q

Fibroadenoma cont… What are teh two components?

A

Stromal and epithelial

35
Q

Large Duct Papilloma

A
  • papillary growth into large duct
  • It is characterized by fibrovascular projections that are lined by epithelial and myoepithelial cells
  • Classic presentation is - bloody nipple discharge
  • more commonly seen in pre-menopausal women.

Gotta distinguish it from papillary carcinoma which is commonly seen in post-menopausal women and lacks myoepithelial cells

36
Q

Fat Necrosis

A

Usually related to trauma like sports

  • Presents as an ill defined mass that may show calcification (saponification)
  • may cause skin puckering
37
Q

Gynecomastia

A

enlargement of breast- hypertrophy and hyperplasia

  • Increased estrogen to androgen ratio
  • Puberty- alcohol, cirrhosis, drugs
  • button or disc like stromal enlargement
38
Q

Remember that breast cancer tends to be worse in black women

A

higher stage, higher grade, higher mortality rate, more frequent in women under 40, more likely ER/PR negative

39
Q

MOdified Bloom Richardson score

A

3-9 score. Low score is better differentiated and has better prognosis

40
Q

What does in situ mean?

A

NO STROMAL INVASION

41
Q

Which is more common, DCIS or LCIS

A

Ductal

42
Q

COmedo Carcinoma

A

DCIS variant, 40% progress to invasive…this is pretty aggressive.

  • High grade cells with central necrosis
  • Her2 amplification, p53 mutation
  • ER/PR negative
43
Q

Single file tumor, usually low grade

A

Invasive Lobular carcinoma

44
Q

Inflammatory carcinoma

A

Peau d’ orange lymphatic occlusion. q

45
Q

Colloid Carcinoma

A

also called Mucinous

  • Most often seen in older women
  • Good survivial
  • Large lakes of mucin present
46
Q

Tubular Carcinoma

A

well differentiated- very favorable prognosis

- Average age is 50 yrs old

47
Q

Phyllodes Tumor

A

Large bulky mass of connective tissue and cysts. “Leaf-like projections”. Most common in 6th decade. May become malignant.

Reproductive (36 decks)

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