Male Gentials Flashcards
abnormal urethral opening
hypo- and epispadias
the orifice is on the ventral surface of the penis
hypospadias
the orifice is on the dorsal surface of the penis
epispadias
congenital anomaly of penis: orifice of prepuce is too small to permit normal retraction; most often result of repeated infections causing scarring of preputial ring
phimosis
congential anomaly of penis: when a stenotic prepuce is forcibly retracted over the glans penis, compromising circulation
paraphimosis
inflammation of the glands and prepuce; caused by a wide variety of organisms; poor local hygiene in uncircumcised men (smegma acts as local irritant); distal penis is red, swollen, tender
balanitis (non specific)
benign penile tumor caused by HPV types 6 and 11; papillary pattern and koilocytes
condyloma acuminatum
Bowen’s disease; strong association with HPV 16; gray white thicken plaque with ulceration and crusting
squamous cell carcinoma in-situ
HPV 16 and 18 association; uncommon in US; circumcision confers some protection
invasive squamous cell carcinoma
failure of descent of testes into scrotum; in about 1% of 1 yr old boys; may result in infertility; increased risk of cancer; the testis is exposed to trauma
cryptorchidism
inflammation in which epididymis is bigger than testes is often related to UTI caused by which organisms in sexually active males
chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae
accumulation of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis with scrotal enlargement
hydrocele
twisting of the spermatic cord cuts off the venous drainage of the testis; a urologic emergency; sudden onset of severe testicular pain; results from increased testicular mobility
testicular torsion
presents a painless testicular enlargement; 95% are germ cell tumors
testicular tumors
germ cell precursor: gonadal differentiation (40-50 Y)
seminoma
germ cell precursor: totipotential differentiation (nonseminoma) (20-30 Y)
embryonal ca (undifferentiated)
embryonal ca: trophoblastic differentiation (20-30 Y) hCG+
choriocarcinoma
embryonal ca: yolk sac differentiation (less than 3 Y) AFP+
yolk sac tumor
embryonal ca: somatic differentiation (20-30 Y)
teratoma
most common germ cell tumor; bulky mass; lobulated; homogenous; no hemorrhage or necrosis
seminoma
more aggressive tumors; smaller than seminoma; poorly demarcated with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis
embryonal carcinoma
most common testicular tumor of infancy; non-encapsulated, homogenous, yellow-white mucinous appearance; produce alpha-feto protein
yolk sac tumor
highly malignant tumor composed of cytotrophoblastic and syncytiotrophoblastic cells; rare; usually small; hemorrhage and necrosis common; tumor cells are hCG positive
choriocarcinoma
components of more than one germ layer: mesodermal, ectodermal, endodermal derivatives; any age; large, cystic and cartilagenous tumors
teratoma
prostatitis with no history of recurrent UTI
chronic abacterial prostatitis
extremely common in men over 50; stromal and epithelial hyperplasia creating discrete nodules usually in the periurethral region; can compress urethra; related to action of androgens
nodular hyperplasia (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
frequency, nocturia, difficulty starting and stopping urination; predisposes to bladder infections; common cause of prostate specific antigen, therapy: 5alpha reductase inhibitors and surgery
nodular hyperplasia (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
most common cancer in men; 70% arise in posterior portion of peripheral zone of gland; osteoblastic vertebral lesions are pathognomonic
prostatic adenocarcinoma
small glands lined by single layer of cells (loss of basal layer); high-grade PIN is precursor lesion
prostatic adenocarcinoma
