Hematologic Flashcards
proliferation of normal lymphoid tissue in response to antigenic challenge; clinical- lymph node enlargement; may involve nodes (commonly the anterior cervical chain), Waldeyer’s ring
lymphoid hyperplasia
bleeding disorder secondary to a genetic deficiency of clotting factors
hemophilia
Hemophilia _: deficiency of factor VIII
A
Hemophilia _: deficiency of factor IX
B (Christmas disease)
deficiency of von Willibrand’s factor
von Willbrand’s disease
x-linked; severity depends upon the extent of the deficiency; increased PTT
hemophilia A
pseudotumor of _; hemarthrosis; increased bleeding from many dental procedures
hemophilia
general term, indicating a decrease in red blood cell volume (hematocrit) or concentration of hemoglobin; usually an indication of underlying systemic disease; conditions include vitamin deficiencies, liver disease, malignancies (myelophthisic _)
anemia
fatigue, headache, lightheadednes; may see pallor of the mucous membranes
anemia
genetic disorder of hemoglobin synthesis; thymine is substituted for adenine; deoxygenated hemoglobin subject to molecular aggregation and polymerization
Sickle cell anemia
Codominant gene; abnormal gene confers a resistance to malaria; frequently affects patients in Africa, Mediterranean basin, and Asia; 8% African Americans carry the trait
Sickle cell anemia
reduced blood flow to organs and tissues; susceptibility to infections secondary to spleen destruction; reduced trabeculae pattern; “hair on end” skull radiograph
Sickle cell
Inherited disorder of hemoglobin synthesis; similar to sickle cell anemia, carriers of the trait are resistant to the malarial organism; Mediterranean, African, Indian and Southwest Asians are more often affected; Hair on end radiograph; bone marrow hyperplasia
Thalassemia
hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy; tissue hypoxia; bacterial infections; high-output cardiac failure
thalassemia
Complete failure of hematopoietic precursor (stem) cells to differentiate into all elements of the circulation; most cases appear to be an immune-mediated disease caused by cytotoxic T lymphocytes; unknown etiology, but environmental toxins, viruses, and drugs have been impicated
aplastic anemia
fatigue, lightheadedness (secondary to erythrocyte deficiency); bleeding disorders (secondary to thombocytopenia)
aplastic anemia
Infections (secondary to leukocytic deficiency); Oral: -hemorrhage, petechiae, pallor, ulcerations, gingival hyperplasia
aplastic anemia
Aplastic anemia: recurrence is common and patient are at increased risk of developing _ _
acute leukemia
Decreased numbers of circulating neutrophils; genetic (infants) or acquired (older children and adults), secondary to numerous infectious, neoplasia, or chemotherapeutic agents
neutropenia
increased susceptibility to bacterial infections (ear, oral cavity, later pulmonary); oral lesions: gingival ulcerations
neutropenia
decrease or absence of cells of granulocytic derivation, particularly neutrophils; decreased production or increased destruction secondary to certain drugs or some syndromes; may be idiopathic
agranulocytosis
bacterial infections and their associated symptoms; oral lesions: punched-out ulcerations, NUG
agranulocytosis
idiopathic, periodic reductions in neutrophils; isolated or autosomal dominant; symptoms are associated with the neutrophil count
cyclic neutropenia
childhood onset; low neutrophil counts (3-6 days) correspond to infections and their associated symptoms; cycles are approximately 21 days; oral and other GI ulcerations; periodontal bone loss and gingival recession; “floating in air” radiographic appearance
cyclic neutropenia
decrease in the number of platelets; secondary to reduced production, increased destruction or sequestration in the spleen (during splenomegaly); systemic diseases such as lupus or HIV also may be characterized by thrombocytopenia
thrombocytopenia
_ thrombocytopenic purpura- occurs in childhood after nonspecific viral infection
idiopathic
_ thrombocytopenic purpura- coagulation disorder, resulting in numerous thrombi within small blood vessels
thrombotic
submucosal/cutaneous hemorrhage; epistaxis; hemoptysis; GI or urinary bleeding; petechia, ecchymosis, hematoma; spontaneous gingival hemorrhage
thrombocytopenia
thrombocytopenia: biopsy specimens will show _ deposition within blood vessels
fibrin
idiopathic increase in red blood cell mass, usually concurrently with uncontrolled platelet and granulocyte production; probably secondary to the behavior of an abnormal progenitor stem cell
polycythemia vera
older adults; nonspecific early symptoms; thrombus formation; hypertension, splenomegaly; ruddy complexion; erythromelalgia; excess hemorrhage (gingival, epistaxis, ecchymosis)
polycythemia vera
heterogeneous group of malignancies of hematopoietic stem cell derivation; probably due to genetic and environmental factors (pesticides, benzene, ionizing radiation, viruses); Philadelphia chromosome
leukemia
Most common from of leukemia, elderly adults
CLL
Form of leukemia associated with children
ALL
symptoms related to reduction of normal red and white blood cells (infections, bleeding, fatigue, oral ulceration); hepatosplenomegaly; lymphadenopathy
leukemia
Occasional infiltration of oral soft tissue with _ cells; granulocytic sarcoma/chloroma
leukemic
poorly understood malignancy; lesional cell (Reed-Sternberg cell) makes up only 1-3% of cells
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
M>F; almost uniformly begins in lymph nodes, especially the cervical and supraclavicular; fever, night sweats, pruritis
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Hodgkins lymphoma histo: Reed Sternberg cells (look like kernels of popcorn
nodular lymphocyte predominant
Hodgkins lymphoma histo: large nuclei form; 5 subtypes
Classical Hodgkins lymphoma
heterogeneous group of lymphoreticular malignancies; usually arise in lymph nodes; grow as solid masses; more common in the immunocompromised
non-hodgkins
primarily adults; nodal and extranodal (oral); slowly growing mass; oral lesions; extranodal, “boggy” swelling, usually normal or purplish in color; may occur in bone
non hodgkins lymphoma
Lymphoma: _-grade lesions tend to be characterized by a follicular arrangement
low
Lymphoma: _-grade lesions will be more diffuse
higher
high-grade, undifferentiated lymphoma of B-lymphocyte origin; American (sporadic) and African (endemic) variants; thought to be associated with Epstein-Barr virus (African)
Burkitt’s lymphoma
_ variant of Burkitts: children; more likely to affect the jaws (50-79%), especially the maxilla; swelling, tooth mobility or premature exfoliation; pain and paresthesia typically minimal
African
_ variant of Burkitt’s: wider age range; typically presents as an abdominal mass; radiographic: early loss of lamina dura; patchy, ill-defined radiolucency
American
small, non-cleaved cells with scattered macrophages; “starry sky” classic pattern
burkitt’s lymphoma
uncommon malignancy of plasma cell origin; monoclonal proliferation results in production of abnormal, nonfunctional immunoglobulin (monoclonal gammopathy, M-protein)
Multiple myeloma
older men; blacks>whites; bone pain, pathologic fracture; petechiae; fever; radiographic: multiple punched out radiolucencies
multiple myeloma
Bence Jones protein: excess light chain proteins presents in serum and urine; amyloid: deposition of Bence Jones protein
multiple myeloma
monoclonal sheets of malignant plasma cells; amyloid: congo red positive stain
multiple myeloma
solitary, monoclonal lesion of plasma cells; may progress to multiple myeloma; adult males; 55 years; most occur in bone (extramedullary if outside bone); well-defined, solitary radiolucency
plasmacytoma
aggressive, destructive process of T lymphocytes; diagnosis is usually made after tertiary syphilis and Wegener’s granulomatosa have been ruled out
Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma Nasal Type
adults; nasal stuffiness, epistaxis; deep necrotic ulcerations; may progress to palatal perforation; angiocentric arrangement of atypical inflammatory cells; necrosis
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma
neoplastic proliferation of Langerhans cells (dendritic mononuclear cells normally found in the epidermis, mucosa, lymph node, and bone marrow)
Langerhans Cell Histocytosis
Form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: acute, disseminated
letterer-siwe disease
form of langerhans cell: chronic, disseminated
hand-schuller-christian disease
M=F; less than 15 years old; solitary or multiple bone lesions; “floating in air” radiograph; dull pain and tenderness often accompany bone lesions; ulcerative or proliferative gingival masses may also be seen; birbeck granules
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
