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Dental Pathology > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

neural tube defect: no cerebral hemispheres

A

anencephaly

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2
Q

neural tube defect: meninges and brain don’t close

A

encephalocele

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3
Q

neural tube defect: meninges don’t close

A

cranial meningocele

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4
Q

neural tube defect: meninges and spinal cord; spina bifida

A

meningomyelocele

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5
Q

neural tube defect: meninges; spina bifida

A

spinal meningocele

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6
Q

neural tube defect: vertebral arches do not close; no herniation; hairy patch

A

spina bifida occulta

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7
Q

disorders of forebrain development: brain is not divided hemispheres

A

holoprosencephaly

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8
Q

holoprosencephaly can result in …

A

cyclopia

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9
Q

disorders of forebrain development: many small gyri

A

polymicrogyria

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10
Q

disorders of forebrain development: no gryation

A

lissencephaly

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11
Q

disorders of forebrain development: brain cells not divided in organized layers

A

cerebral cortical dysplasia

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12
Q

“water on the brain” -too much CSF for whatever reason. usually obstruction in flow

A

hydrocephalus

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13
Q

posterior skull too small, structures impede CSF flow

A

Arnold-Chiari malformations

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14
Q

cystic cerebellar vermis (the middle part) causes outflow obstruction of CSF

A

Dandy-Walker malformation

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15
Q

also known as “Phakomatoses”; malformations and non-neoplastic and neoplastic growths of nervous system, skin, and other systems

A

neurocutaneous syndromes

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16
Q

gliomas and meningiomas; NF1 tumor suppressor gene; cafe au lait; lisch nodule

A

neurofibromatosis I

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17
Q

germinal matrix hemorrhage- common in extreme …

A

prematurity

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18
Q

usually idiopathic, but can be caused by an assault on the brain (metabolic, infectious, trauma); lesion is often in temporal lobe; causes periods of clonus with unconsciousness

A

epilepsy

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19
Q

increased ICP; blood-brain barrier not intact; fluid seeps out of vessels; little lymphatic drainage

A

vasogenic cerebral edema

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20
Q

increased ICP: cells themselves swell with fluid due to injury

A

cytotoxic cerebral edema

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21
Q

increased ICP: cerebrum slips under the “falx”-a fold of dura at the top

A

subfalcine herniation

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22
Q

increased ICP: cerebrum slips under the “tentorium cerebelli”-a fold of dura at the sides, also known as “Uncal” from the actual area that is affected

A

transtentorial herniation

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23
Q

increased ICP: tonsils of cerebellum slip through foramen magnum

A

tonsillar herniations

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24
Q

Increased ICP: buildup of the CSF in ventricles, typically due to decreased outflow

A

hydrocephalus

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25
Q

in hydrocephalus: if cranial sutures are fused, results in …

A

big ventricles and compressed brain matter

26
Q

in hydrocephalus: if sutures are open, results in …

A

increased head size

27
Q

one treatment strategy for hydrocephalus is … where a conduit is placed into the ventricles to drain fluid, either to an outside container or to peritoneal cavity in the abdomen

A

shunting

28
Q

most due to atherosclerotic vascular disease; blurring between gray and white matter; red dead neurons; gliosis

A

cerebral infarcts

29
Q

perfusion to entire brain is inadequate; results in ischemia

A

global hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

30
Q

most common reason for intracranial hemorrhages

A

hypertension

31
Q

likely due to acquired weakening in wall; found in circle of willis; most at bifurcations; can cause subarachnoid hemorrhage;

A

saccular (or berry) aneurysms

32
Q

patients experience a pass out -> “lucid interval” -> rapid decompensation; often caused by rupture of middle meningeal artery with accompanying skull fracture; characteristic “lens” shape on CT scan; requires emergent drainage

A

epidural hematoma

33
Q

acute or chronic; not a dramatic because of slower venous bleeding rate; often occurs in elderly and may be diagnosed as dementia; “crescent” shaped bleeding

A

subdural hematoma

34
Q

characteristic whiplash motion: auto accident; axonal swellings: spheroids

A

diffuse axonal injury

35
Q

contusion: the actual impact

A

coup

36
Q

contusion: the brain banging against the opposite side

A

counter coup

37
Q

most common demyelinating disease; plaques in white matter

A

multiple sclerosis

38
Q

most common cause of dementia in the elderly; amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

A

alzheimer’s disease

39
Q

beta-amyloid protein

A

amyloid plaques

40
Q

tau protein

A

neurofibrillary tangles

41
Q

loss of pigmented neurons in substantia nigra; movement disorder; lewy bodies

A

parkinson’s

42
Q

involuntary writhing movements: chorea; depression and dementia; expansion of CAG triplet; atrophy of caudate nucleus and cortex

A

huntington disease

43
Q

degeneration of upper and lower neurons; muscle atrophy and weakness spasticity; bunina bodies

A

amytrophic lateral sclerosis

44
Q

very malignant; most common in kids; occurs in cerebellum; small round blue cells forming Homer Wright pseudorosettes

A

medulloblastoma

45
Q

glial tumor: necrosis and pseudopallasading; ring enhancing lesion; microvascular proliferation

A

glioblastoma

46
Q

glial tumor: commonly adulthood; cerebral hemispheres; “fried egg appearance”, “satellitosis”

A

oligodendroglioma

47
Q

glial tumor: mostly in ventricles or central canal of spinal cord; perivascular pseudorosettes

A

ependyomas

48
Q

arise from cells covering brain and spinal cord; psammoma bodies

A

meningioma

49
Q

most common tumor of the brain

A

metastatic tumor

50
Q

inflammation limited to the meninges and the subarachnoid space; nuchal rigidity, photophobia and headache

A

meningitis

51
Q

meningitis: usually bacterial; E coli, meningococcus

A

acute pyogenic meningitis

52
Q

meningitis: viral; ECHO, coxsackie, EBV, HSV

A

acute lymphocytic meningitis

53
Q

meningitis: prototype: M. tuberculosis

A

chronic meningitis

54
Q

most due to bacteria from nasopharynx via bloodstream; congested meninges; exudate in subarachnoid space; brain tissue itself not infected

A

acute purulent meningitis

55
Q

encephalitis: infection elsewhere travelling via bloodstream; adjacent infections in ear and sinuses

A

abscess

56
Q

encephalitis: caseating granuloma

A

tuberculosis

57
Q

encephalitis: typically AIDS patients, ring enhancing lesion

A

toxoplasmosis

58
Q

encephalitis: most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in US; temporal lobes and orbital frontal areas

A

herpes simplex virus type 1

59
Q

encephalitis: classi negri bodies in neurons; symptoms occur too late

A

rabies

60
Q

associated with abnormal prion protein; Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease

A

transmissible spongiform encephalitis

61
Q

highly resistant to heat and most disinfectants; abnormally folded forms cannot be cleared from the brain and cause toxicity

A

prion protein

Dental Pathology (22 decks)

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