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Dental Pathology > GI Path > Flashcards

GI Path Flashcards

1
Q

a thin, noncanalized cord replaces a segement of esophagus; congenital abnormality

A

atresia

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2
Q

atresia is most commonly at or near …

A

the tracheal bifurcation

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3
Q

aspiartion, suffocation, pneumonia, and severe fluid and electrolytes imbalances; congenital abnormality

A

fistula

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4
Q

herniation of the abdominal viscera into the thoracic cavity due to incomplete formation of the diaphargm; pulmonary hypoplasia; congenital abnormality

A

diaphragmatic hernia

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5
Q

herniation of the abdominal viscera into a ventral membranous sac due to incomplete closure of the abdominal musculature; congenital abnormality

A

omphalocele

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6
Q

gastric mucosa in esophagus; congenital abnormality

A

ectopia

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7
Q

a true diverticulum as a blind outpouching of the alimentary tract communicating with the lumen and includes all 3 layers; congenital abnormality

A

meckel diverticulum

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8
Q

hyperplasia of the pyloric muscularis propria; increased risk with Turner syndrome and trisomy 18; regurgitation, projectile, nonbilious vomiting after feeding; erythromycin and azithromycin exposure and increased incidence; congenital abnormality

A

pyloric stenosis

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9
Q

idiopathic ledge-like protrusions of mucosa that may cause obstruction; associated with GI reflux, chronic graft vs host disease, or blistering skin diseases; nonprogressive dysphagia; esophagus

A

esophageal mucosal webs

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10
Q

upper esophagus webs; iron deficiency anemia; glossitis; and cheilosis; increased risk of cancer

A

plummer vinson syndrome

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11
Q

“failure to relax”; incomplete lower esophageal sphincter relaxation; aperistalsis; dysphagia, difficulty in belching, and chest pain; increased risk of esophageal cancer

A

achalasia

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12
Q

distal esophageal inhibitory neuronal degeneration

A

primary achalasia

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13
Q

chagas disease, tyrpanosoma cruzi infection causing myenteric plexus destruction; diabetic autonomic neuropathy; inflitrative disorders; lesions of dorsal motor nuclei; down syndrome; sjogren or autoimmune thyroid disease

A

secondary achalasia

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14
Q

mucosal tears near the gastroesophageal junction; associated with severe retching or vomiting secondary to acute alcohol intoxication

A

mallory-weiss tears

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15
Q

herpes simplex virus particularly in immunocompromised and candidiasis

A

infectious esophagitis

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16
Q

adherent gray-white pseudomembranes covering esophageal mucosa

A

candidiasis

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17
Q

punched out ulcers

A

esophagitis, herpes virus

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18
Q

most common cause of esophagitis

A

reflux of gatric contents into the lower esophagus (GERD)

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19
Q

most common cause of GERD

A

lower esophageal sphincter relaxation

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20
Q

treatment of GERD

A

proton pump inhibitors

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21
Q

major complication of GERD

A

Barrett esophagus

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22
Q

a congested subepithelial and submucosal venous plexi within the distal esophagus and proximal stomach; cause of esophageal bleeding

A

esophageal varices

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23
Q

most common cause of esophageal varices

A

portal hypertension

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24
Q

portal hypertension, in cirrhotic patient, most commonly associated with …

A

alcoholic liver disease

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25
Q

2nd most common cause of esophageal varices

A

hepatic schistosomiasis

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26
Q

a complication of GERD characterized by columnar metaplasia within the esophageal squamous mucosa; increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma

A

Barret esophagus

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27
Q

most common benign tumor of esophagus

A

leiomyoma

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28
Q

malignant tumors of esophagus

A

adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

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29
Q

more than 1/2 of all esophageal cancers in US; most cases from Barret esophagus (obesity related GERD)

A

adenocarcinoma

30
Q

decreased risk of esopharyngeal adenocarcinoma with … due to gastric atrophy–>decreased acid secretion and reflux–>decreased Barret

A

Helicobacter pylori

31
Q

alcohol and tobacco use, poverty, caustic esophageal injury, achalasia, tylosis, plummer-vinson, fruit/veggie deficiency, very hot beverages

A

squamous cell carcinoma

32
Q

a mucosal inflammatory process; stomach

A

gastritis

33
Q

gastritis in presence of neutrophils

A

acute

34
Q

a diverse set of disorders marked by gastric injury or dysfunction with no inflammatory cells

A

gastropathy

35
Q

causes of gastropathy

A

NSAID, alcohol, bile, stress induced injury

36
Q

most common cause of chronic gastritis

A

H. pylori

37
Q

enzyme the causes increase in pH and allows for survival of H. pylori

A

urease

38
Q

mutation of which gene in H. pylori results in many different toxins

A

CagA

39
Q

histopathologic features of H pylori gastritis

A

spiral shaped H. pylori, silver stain; neutrophils within epithelium/lamina propria; lymphoid aggregates, subepithelial plasma cells

40
Q

complication of chronic gastritis; chronic mucosal ulceration affection duodenum/stomach; associated with H pylori, NSAIDs, smoking

A

peptic ulcer disease

41
Q

multiple peptic ulcerations in the stomach, duodenum, and even jejunum owing to excess gastrin secretion by a tumor–>excess gastric acid production

A

Zollinger Ellison syndrome

42
Q

giant cerebriform enlargement of the rugal folds due to epithelial hyperplasia; no inflammation; excessive growth factor; ex: Zollinger-Ellison

A

hypertrophic gastropathies

43
Q

4 causes of gastric polyps

A

hyperplasia; inflammation; ectopia; neoplasia

44
Q

most common polyps?

A

inflammatory or hyperplastic

45
Q

risk of developing adenocarcinoma in gastric adenomas that are greater than ….

A

2 cm

46
Q

distorted, irregular glands lined with epithelium demonstrating crowded, pleomorphic nuclei overlapping with losing of normal polarity; seen in gastric adenomas

A

epithelial dysplasia

47
Q

most common malignancy of stomach

A

gastric adenocarcinoma

48
Q

risk factors for gastric cancer:

A

H. pylori; host (genetic background); diet/habit (low vit. C, high salt/nitrate, smoking)

49
Q

precursor conditions of gastric cancer

A

hypochlorhidia; atrophic body gastritis; intestinal metaplasia; dysplasia

50
Q

mitotic figures

A

gastric adenocarcinoma

51
Q

main difference between small and large intestine

A

large intestine has no villi

52
Q

aggregate lymphoid nodules (peyers patches) found in…

A

ileum

53
Q

defective absorption of fats, vitamins, proteins, carbs, electrolytes and minerals, and water; present as chronic diarrhea; steatorrhea as hallmark

A

malabsorption

54
Q

most common disorders in US causing malabsorption

A

pancreatic insufficiency, celiac disease, crohn disease

55
Q

an important cause of malabsorption and diarrhea following allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

A

intestinal graft vs host disease

56
Q

an immune mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals; loss of villi

A

celiac disease

57
Q

a chronic condition resulting from inappropriate mucosal immune activation

A

inflammatory bowl disease

58
Q

2 disorders that comprise inflammatory bowl disease

A

ulcerative colitis; crohn disease

59
Q

skip lesions; transmural inflammation; ulcerations, fissures

A

crohn disease

60
Q

continuous colonic involvement beginning in rectum; pseudopolyps; ulcers

A

ulcerative colitis

61
Q

result of immune response in IBD is production of …

A

TNF

62
Q

factors involved in IBD

A

luminal microbial antigens; genetic susceptibility; immune response; environmental triggers

63
Q

skip lesions; aphthous ulcer as earliest lesion; anti-TNF antibodies for treatment

A

crohn disease

64
Q

oral manifestations of crohn disease

A

lip swelling; linear ulcer/aphthous like ulcer (characteristic in vestibule)

65
Q

non-caseating granulomatous inflammation (granuloma formation)

A

crohn disease

66
Q

ulcers/pseudopolyps; limited to colon/rectum; bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain; no granuloma formation

A

ulcerative colitis

67
Q

pyostomatitis vegetans (oral)

A

ulcerative colitis

68
Q

most common malignancy of GI tract

A

adenocarcinoma of colon

69
Q

low intake unabsorbable vegetable fiber and high intake of refined carbs and fat

A

increased rates of colorectal cancer

70
Q

chemoprevention of colorectal cancer–>inhibtion of COX 2—>inhibition of epithelial proliferation

A

aspirin and NSAIDs

71
Q

mutation of … early in the neoplastic process in up to 80% of sporadic colon cancers

A

APC (adenomatous polyposis coli)

72
Q

2 most important prognostic factors of adenocarcinoma of colon

A

depth of invasion and presence of lymph node metastases

Dental Pathology (22 decks)

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